In
geometry, an equilateral triangle is a
triangle in which all three sides have the same length. In the familiar
Euclidean geometry, an equilateral triangle is also
equiangular; that is, all three internal
angles are also
congruent to each other and are each 60°. It is also a
regular polygon, so it is also referred to as a regular triangle.
Principal properties
Denoting the common length of the sides of the equilateral triangle as , we can determine using the
Pythagorean theorem that:
Denoting the radius of the circumscribed circle as R, we can determine using
trigonometry that:
The area of the triangle is
Many of these quantities have simple relationships to the altitude ("h") of each vertex from the opposite side:
The area is
The height of the center from each side, or
apothem, is
The radius of the circle circumscribing the three vertices is
The radius of the inscribed circle is
In an equilateral triangle, the altitudes, the angle bisectors, the perpendicular bisectors, and the medians to each side coincide.
Characterizations
A triangle that has the sides , , ,
semiperimeter,
area,
exradii, , (tangent to , , respectively), and where and are the radii of the
circumcircle and
incircle respectively, is equilateral
if and only if any one of the statements in the following nine categories is true. Thus these are properties that are unique to equilateral triangles, and knowing that any one of them is true directly implies that we have an equilateral triangle.
Every
triangle center of an equilateral triangle coincides with its
centroid, which implies that the equilateral triangle is the only triangle with no
Euler line connecting some of the centers. For some pairs of triangle centers, the fact that they coincide is enough to ensure that the triangle is equilateral. In particular:
It is also equilateral if its circumcenter coincides with the
Nagel point, or if its incenter coincides with its
nine-point center.[6]
Six triangles formed by partitioning by the medians
For any triangle, the three
medians partition the triangle into six smaller triangles.
A triangle is equilateral if and only if any three of the smaller triangles have either the same perimeter or the same inradius.[9]: Theorem 1
A triangle is equilateral if and only if the circumcenters of any three of the smaller triangles have the same distance from the centroid.[9]: Corollary 7
Points in the plane
A triangle is equilateral if and only if, for every point in the plane, with distances , , and to the triangle's sides and distances , , and to its vertices,[10]: p.178, #235.4
Napoleon's theorem states that, if equilateral triangles are constructed on the sides of any triangle, either all outward, or all inward, the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle.
Pompeiu's theorem states that, if is an arbitrary point in the plane of an equilateral triangle but not on its
circumcircle, then there exists a triangle with sides of lengths , , and . That is, , , and satisfy the
triangle inequality that the sum of any two of them is greater than the third. If is on the circumcircle then the sum of the two smaller ones equals the longest and the triangle has degenerated into a line, this case is known as
Van Schooten's theorem.
Geometric construction
An equilateral triangle is easily constructed using a
straightedge and compass, because 3 is a
Fermat prime. Draw a straight line, and place the point of the compass on one end of the line, and swing an arc from that point to the other point of the line segment. Repeat with the other side of the line. Finally, connect the point where the two arcs intersect with each end of the line segment.
An alternative method is to draw a circle with radius , place the point of the compass on the circle and draw another circle with the same radius. The two circles will intersect in two points. An equilateral triangle can be constructed by taking the two centers of the circles and either of the points of intersection.
In both methods a by-product is the formation of
vesica piscis.
The proof that the resulting figure is an equilateral triangle is the first proposition in Book I of
Euclid's Elements.
Derivation of area formula
The area formula in terms of side length can be derived directly using the Pythagorean theorem or using trigonometry.
Using the Pythagorean theorem
The area of a triangle is half of one side times the height from that side:
The legs of either right triangle formed by an altitude of the equilateral triangle are half of the base , and the hypotenuse is the side of the equilateral triangle. The height of an equilateral triangle can be found using the
Pythagorean theorem
so that
Substituting into the area formula gives the area formula for the equilateral triangle:
Using trigonometry
Using
trigonometry, the area of a triangle with any two sides and , and an angle between them is
Each angle of an equilateral triangle is 60°, so
The sine of 60° is . Thus
since all sides of an equilateral triangle are equal.
Other properties
An equilateral triangle is the most symmetrical triangle, having 3 lines of
reflection and
rotational symmetry of order 3 about its center, whose
symmetry group is the
dihedral group of order 6, . The integer-sided equilateral triangle is the only
triangle with integer sides, and three rational angles as measured in degrees.[13] It is the only acute triangle that is similar to its
orthic triangle (with vertices at the feet of the
altitudes),[14]: p. 19 and the only triangle whose
Steiner inellipse is a circle (specifically, the incircle). The triangle of largest area of all those inscribed in a given circle is equilateral, and the triangle of smallest area of all those circumscribed around a given circle is also equilateral.[15] It is the only regular polygon aside from the
square that can be
inscribed inside any other regular polygon.
By
Euler's inequality, the equilateral triangle has the smallest ratio of the circumradius to the inradius of any triangle, with[16]: p.198
Given a point in the interior of an equilateral triangle, the ratio of the sum of its distances from the vertices to the sum of its distances from the sides is greater than or equal to 2, equality holding when is the centroid. In no other triangle is there a point for which this ratio is as small as 2.[17] This is the
Erdős–Mordell inequality; a stronger variant of it is
Barrow's inequality, which replaces the perpendicular distances to the sides with the distances from to the points where the
angle bisectors of , , and cross the sides (, , and being the vertices). There are numerous other
triangle inequalities that hold with equality if and only if the triangle is equilateral.
For any point in the plane, with distances , , and from the vertices , , and respectively,[18]
For any point in the plane, with distances , , and from the vertices,[19]
where is the circumscribed radius and is the distance between point and the centroid of the equilateral triangle.
For any point on the inscribed circle of an equilateral triangle, with distances , , and from the vertices,[20]
For any point on the minor arc of the circumcircle, with distances , , and from , , and , respectively[12]
Moreover, if point on side divides into segments and with having length and having length , then[12]: 172
The ratio of its area to the area of the incircle, , is the largest of any triangle.[21]: Theorem 4.1
The ratio of its area to the square of its perimeter, is larger than that of any non-equilateral triangle.[11]
If a segment splits an equilateral triangle into two regions with equal perimeters and with areas and , then[10]: p.151, #J26
If a triangle is placed in the
complex plane with complex vertices , , and , then for either non-real cube root of 1 the triangle is equilateral if and only if[22]: Lemma 2
In three dimensions, equilateral triangles form faces of regular and uniform
polyhedra. Three of the five
Platonic solids are composed of equilateral triangles: the
tetrahedron,
octahedron and
icosahedron.[24]: p.238 In particular, the tetrahedron, which has four equilateral triangles for faces, can be considered the three-dimensional
analogue of the triangle. All Platonic solids can inscribe tetrahedra, as well as be inscribed inside tetrahedra. Equilateral triangles also form
uniform antiprisms as well as uniform
star antiprisms in three-dimensional space. For antiprisms, two (non-mirrored)
parallel copies of regular polygons are connected by alternating bands of equilateral triangles.[25] Specifically for star antiprisms, there are prograde and retrograde (crossed) solutions that join mirrored and non-mirrored parallel
star polygons.[26][27] The Platonic octahedron is also a triangular antiprism, which is the first true member of the infinite family of antiprisms (the tetrahedron, as a digonal antiprism, is sometimes considered the first).[24]: p.240
As a generalization, the equilateral triangle belongs to the infinite family of -
simplexes, with .[28]
In culture and society
Equilateral triangles have frequently appeared in man made constructions:
The shape occurs in modern architecture such as the cross-section of the
Gateway Arch.[29]
^
abChakerian, G. D. "A Distorted View of Geometry." Ch. 7 in Mathematical Plums (R. Honsberger, editor). Washington, DC: Mathematical Association of America, 1979: 147.
^Riley, Michael W.; Cochran, David J.; Ballard, John L. (December 1982). "An Investigation of Preferred Shapes for Warning Labels". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 24 (6): 737–742.
doi:
10.1177/001872088202400610.
S2CID109362577.