The
perfect gas equation of state may be written as
where is the mass density, is the particular gas constant, is the temperature and is a characteristic thermal speed of the molecules. Thus
where is the speed of light, and for a "cold" gas.
FLRW equations and the equation of state
The equation of state may be used in
Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) equations to describe the evolution of an isotropic universe filled with a perfect fluid. If is the
scale factor then
If the fluid is the dominant form of matter in a
flat universe, then
If we define (what might be called "effective") energy density and pressure as
and
the acceleration equation may be written as
Non-relativistic particles
The equation of state for ordinary non-
relativistic 'matter' (e.g. cold dust) is , which means that its energy density decreases as , where is a volume. In an expanding universe, the total energy of non-relativistic matter remains constant, with its density decreasing as the volume increases.
Ultra-relativistic particles
The equation of state for ultra-relativistic 'radiation' (including
neutrinos, and in the very early universe other particles that later became non-relativistic) is which means that its energy density decreases as . In an expanding universe, the energy density of radiation decreases more quickly than the volume expansion, because its wavelength is
red-shifted.
Acceleration of cosmic inflation
Cosmic inflation and the
accelerated expansion of the universe can be characterized by the equation of state of
dark energy. In the simplest case, the equation of state of the
cosmological constant is . In this case, the above expression for the scale factor is not valid and , where the constant H is the
Hubble parameter. More generally, the expansion of the universe is accelerating for any equation of state . The accelerated expansion of the Universe was indeed observed.[1] According to observations, the value of equation of state of cosmological constant is near -1.
Hypothetical
phantom energy would have an equation of state , and would cause a
Big Rip. Using the existing data, it is still impossible to distinguish between phantom and non-phantom .
Fluids
In an expanding universe, fluids with larger equations of state disappear more quickly than those with smaller equations of state. This is the origin of the
flatness and
monopole problems of the
Big Bang:
curvature has and monopoles have , so if they were around at the time of the early Big Bang, they should still be visible today. These problems are solved by cosmic inflation which has . Measuring the equation of state of dark energy is one of the largest efforts of
observational cosmology. By accurately measuring , it is hoped that the cosmological constant could be distinguished from
quintessence which has .
Scalar modeling
A
scalar field can be viewed as a sort of perfect fluid with equation of state
where is the time-derivative of and is the potential energy. A free () scalar field has , and one with vanishing kinetic energy is equivalent to a cosmological constant: . Any equation of state in between, but not crossing the barrier known as the Phantom Divide Line (PDL),[2] is achievable, which makes scalar fields useful models for many phenomena in cosmology.