You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2010) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 9,096 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Dunkelmännerbriefe]]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|de|Dunkelmännerbriefe}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

The Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum ( English: Letters of Obscure Men) was a celebrated collection of satirical Latin letters which appeared 1515–1519 in Hagenau, Germany. They support the German Humanist scholar Johann Reuchlin and mock the doctrines and modes of living of the scholastics and monks, mainly by pretending to be letters from fanatic Christian theologians discussing whether all Jewish books should be burned as un-Christian or not.

Background

The work was based upon the real-life public dispute between German humanist Johann Reuchlin and certain Dominican friars, especially the formerly Jewish convert Johannes Pfefferkorn who had obtained Imperial authority from Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I to burn all known copies of the Talmud in 1509. The title is a reference to Reuchlin's 1514 book Epistolae clarorum virorum ( English: Letters of famous/bright men) which provided a collection of letters to Reuchlin on scholarly and intellectual matters from eminent German humanists such as Ulrich von Hutten, Johann Crotus, Konrad Mutian, Helius Eobanus Hessus, and others, to show that his position in the controversy with the monks was approved by the learned. The Latin adjective obscurus ("dark, hidden, obscure") is the opposite of clarus ("bright, famous, obvious") used in the title of Reuchlin's book.^{[ original research?]}

Structure and presumptive authors

Most of the letters found in Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum are addressed to Hardwin von Grätz in Deventer and contain mock accusations against him, such as allegation that he had been intimate with Johannes Pfefferkorn's wife (Letter XII) and that Grätz had defecated his pants in public (letter XL). The letters profess to be written by certain ecclesiastics and professors in Cologne and other towns of Germany. Grätz had made himself odious to the liberal minds of the time by what they saw as his arrogant pretension, his determined hostility to the spirit of the age, and his lax morality.

The first issue of the work contained 41 letters, but more were added later. The collection was published anonymously, and the authorship has been a fertile subject of controversy, but the main portion of the letters are attributed to the humanists Crotus Rubeanus a.k.a. Johannes Jäger, who is said to have originated the idea and the title; Ulrich von Hutten, who contributed mainly to the second volume; Erasmus; and Reuchlin. The work is credited with hastening the Protestant Reformation.

Bans and papal excommunication

The book was banned in many places, and with regard to the rise of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation, Pope Leo X excommunicated the authors, readers, and disseminators of the Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum in 1517, citing the fact that the discussed matter of burning all Jewish books, especially the Talmud, was not held as a majority view among Christian scholars. ^{[1]: 514–518}

Legacy

The modern term obscurantism derives from the title of this work. ^[2] As the theologians in the book intended to burn "un-Christian" works, Enlightenment philosophers used the term for conservative, especially religious enemies of progressive Enlightenment and its concept of the liberal spread of knowledge.

Further reading

• Reinhard Paul Becker: A War of Fools; "The Letters of Obscure Men": a study of the satire and the satirized (New York University Ottendorfer Series N.F.; Bd. 12), Bern: Peter Lang, 1981.
• Aloys Bömer (ed.) Die "Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum" (Stachelschriften. Ältere Reihe, I). 2 vols. Heidelberg: R. Weissbach, 1924 (standard edition: vol. 1 introduction; vol. 2: text)
• Walther Brecht: Die Verfasser der "Epistolae Obscurorum Virorum", Straßburg: K. J. Trübner, 1904.
• Karl Buchholz: Ulrich von Huttens lateinische Schriften und die Dunkelmännerbriefe, Frankfurt am Main: M. Diesterweg, 1926.
• Franz Wilhelm Kampschulte: Commentatio de Joanne Croto Rubiano, Bonn, 1862.

Notes

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)

References

• "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• "Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.

External links

• "Renaissance Humanism".
• Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, with Defensio Ioannis Pepericorni and Lamentationes Obscurorum Virorum, Teubner, 1869 at Google Books. Another copy of this edition at Google Books.
• Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, with German introduction and appendices, 1827 at Google Books. Another copy of this edition at Google Books.
• Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 1608 at Google Books
• Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 1599 at Google Books
• Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum, 1581 at Google Books
• Bilingual Edition (Latin/English), 1909, translated by Francis Griffin Stokes, with historical introduction and footnotes