An enchilada (/ˌɛntʃɪˈlɑːdə/, Spanish:[entʃiˈlaða]) is a
Mexican dish consisting of a
corn tortilla rolled around a filling and covered with a savory sauce. Enchiladas can be filled with various ingredients, including meats, cheese, beans, potatoes, vegetables, or combinations. Enchilada sauces include
chili-based sauces, such as
salsa roja, various
moles,
tomatillo-based sauces, such as
salsa verde, or cheese-based sauces, such as
chile con queso.
Enchiladas originated in Mexico, where the practice of rolling tortillas around other food dates back at least to
Aztec times.[4] The people living in the lake region of the
Valley of Mexico traditionally ate corn tortillas folded or rolled around small fish. Writing at the time of the Spanish conquistadors,
Bernal Díaz del Castillo documented a feast enjoyed by Europeans hosted by
Hernán Cortés in
Coyoacán, which included foods served in corn tortillas. (Note that the native
Nahuatl name for the flat corn bread used was tlaxcalli; the Spanish gave it the name tortilla.)[5][6][7][8] The
Nahuatl word for enchilada is chīllapītzalli[t͡ʃiːlːapiːˈt͡salːi], which is formed of the Nahuatl word for "chili", chīlli[ˈt͡ʃiːlːi] and the Nahuatl word for "flute", tlapītzalli[t͡ɬapiːˈt͡salːi].[9] In the 19th century, as Mexican cuisine was being memorialized, enchiladas were mentioned in the first Mexican cookbook, El cocinero mexicano ("The Mexican Chef"), published in 1831,[4] and in Mariano Galvan Rivera's Diccionario de Cocina, published in 1845.[5][10]
Mexican cooking authority
Diana Kennedy cites an early reference from an American traveler from 1883 who remarked, "Enchiladas, a greasy tortilla sandwich containing chiles and a number of other uninviting looking compounds and other nasty messes, are sold everywhere, filling the air with a pungent, nauseous smell." Kennedy goes on to heartily disagree with that characterization, likely brought on by
culture shock.[11] Another early English-language mention is found in the California Mexican-Spanish Cookbook (1914) by Bertha Haffner Ginger.[12]
Varieties
In their original form as Mexican street food, enchiladas were simply corn tortillas dipped in
chili sauce and eaten without fillings.[13][14] There are now many varieties, which are distinguished primarily by their sauces, fillings and, in one instance, by their form. Various adjectives may be used to describe the recipe content or origin, e.g. enchilada tapatia would be a
recipe from
Jalisco.[15]
Varieties include:
Enchiladas con chile rojo (with red chile) is a traditional red enchilada sauce, meat, composed of dried red
chili peppers soaked and ground into a sauce with other
seasonings, Chile Colorado sauce adds a
tomato base.[16]
Enchiladas con mole, instead of chili sauce, are served with
mole,[17] and are also known as enmoladas.[18]
Enchiladas placera are
Michoacán plaza-style, made with vegetables and poultry.[19]
Enchiladas poblanas are soft corn tortillas filled with chicken and poblano peppers, topped with oaxaca cheese.[20]
Enchiladas potosinas originate from
San Luis Potosi, Mexico, and are made with cheese-filled, chili-spiced masa.[21]
Enchiladas suizas (
Swiss-style) are topped with a milk- or cream-based white sauce such as béchamel. This appellation is derived from Swiss immigrants to Mexico who established dairies to produce cream and cheese.[22]
Enfrijoladas are topped with refried beans rather than chili sauce; their name comes from frijol, meaning "
bean".[23][24]
Entomatadas are made with tomato sauce instead of chili sauce.[17]
Enchiladas montadas (stacked enchiladas) are a
New Mexico variation in which corn tortillas are fried flat until softened (but not tough) then stacked with red or green sauce, chopped onion and shredded cheese between the layers and on top of the stack. Ground beef or chicken can be added to the filling. The stack is often topped (montada) with a fried egg. Shredded lettuce and black olive slices may be added as a garnish.[25]
Enchiladas verdes are sauced with
salsa verde and typically made with white corn tortillas, filled with poached chicken breasts and topped with
queso fresco.[26]
Enjococadas are baked corn tortillas covered in
jocoque and filled with
queso panela and chile poblano.[27]
Chicken enchiladas with red sauce, red rice, black beans, and avocado
Enchiladas suizas
Enchiladas de mole caseras
Outside of Mexico
Costa Rica
In
Costa Rica, the enchilada is a common, small, spicy pastry made with
puff pastry and filled with diced potatoes spiced with a common variation of
Tabasco sauce or other similar sauces. Other variations include fillings made of spicy chicken or minced meat.[28]
Honduras
In
Honduras, enchiladas look and taste very different from those in Mexico; they are not corn tortillas rolled around a filling, but instead are flat, fried, corn tortillas topped with ground beef, salad toppings (usually consisting of cabbage and tomato slices), a tomato sauce (often ketchup blended with butter and other spices such as cumin), and crumbled or shredded cheese. They look and taste much like what many people call a
tostada.[29]
Nicaragua
In
Nicaragua, enchiladas are different from the other ones in Central America and resemble those in Mexico; they are corn tortillas filled with a mixture of ground beef and rice with chili, they are then folded and covered in egg batter and deep fried. It is commonly served with a cabbage and tomato salad (either pickled salad or in cream and tomato sauce). The Nicaraguan enchilada resembles the
empanada of other countries.[30]
Guatemala
In
Guatemala, enchiladas look much like Honduran enchiladas but the recipe is different. This version most commonly begins with a leaf of fresh lettuce, then a layer of 'picado de carne,' which includes meat (generally ground beef, shredded chicken, or pork) and diced vegetables (carrot, potato, onion, celery, green bean, peas, red bell pepper, garlic, bay leaf, seasoned with salt and black pepper). The next layer in the recipe is the 'curtido' layer which includes more vegetables (cabbage, beets, onions, and carrots). After this is two or three pieces of sliced hard boiled egg, then thin sliced white onion, and finally a drizzle of mild red salsa. The dish is topped with either queso seco or queso fresco and garnished with
cilantro.[31]
^Parker, Margaret (12 October 2006).
"History of Mexican Cuisine". Inner City Conservative Journal. Archived from
the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2008.
^Anderson, Don & Anderson, Janet (19 September 2007).
"Chile colorado (recipe)". Anderson Kitchen (blog).
Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2008.
El Cocinero Mexicano o coleccion de los mejores recetas para guisar al estilo americano y de las mas selectas segun el metodo de los cocinas Espanola, Italiana, Francesca e Inglesa, 3 vols. Vol. 1. Mexico City: Imprenta de Galvan a cargo de Mariano Arevalo. 1831. pp. 78–88.
OCLC34129684.
External links
The dictionary definition of
enchilada at Wiktionary