Empetrum nigrum, crowberry,[3]black crowberry, or, in western Alaska, blackberry, is a
flowering plant species in the heather family
Ericaceae with a near
circumboreal distribution in the
Northern Hemisphere. It is usually
dioecious, but there is a
bisexual[4]tetraploid subspecies, Empetrum nigrum subsp. hermaphroditum, which occurs in more northerly locations and at higher altitude.[5][6]
Description
Empetrum nigrum is a low growing,
evergreen shrub with a creeping habit.[7] The
leaves are 3–6 millimetres (1⁄8–1⁄4 inch) long,
arranged alternately along the stem. The stems are red when young and then fade to brown. It blooms between May and June.[8] The flowers are small and not very noticeable,[7] with greenish-pink sepals that turn reddish purple.[9] The round
fruits are
drupes, 4–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) wide, usually black or purplish-black but occasionally red.[10]
The metabolism and photosynthetic parameters of Empetrum can be altered in winter-warming experiments.[11]
Evolutionary biologists have explained the striking geographic distribution of crowberries as a result of long-distance
migratory birds dispersing seeds from one pole to the other.[16]
Empetrum nigrum grows in
acidic soils in shady, moist areas.
The fruit is edible and can be dried.[17] However, it has an acidic taste and can cause headaches.[8] It is abundant in
Scandinavia and treasured for its ability to make liqueur, wine, juice, or jelly. In
subarctic areas, the plant has been a vital addition to the diet of the
Inuit and the
Sami. The
Dena'ina (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, sometimes mixed with lard or oil.
The Scottish Highlands
Clan Maclean's badge is believed to be E. nigrum; cuttings of it would be raised on standards to denote clan identity and allegiance.