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Genus of foraminifers
Elphidium
Elphidium excavatum clavatum
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Clade :
Diaphoretickes
Clade :
SAR
Phylum:
Retaria
Subphylum:
Foraminifera
Class:
Globothalamea
Order:
Rotaliida
Family:
Elphidiinae
Genus:
Elphidium
Montfort , 1808
[1]
Subgenera and Species
[2]
Synonyms
[2]
Andromedes Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Canalifera Krasheninnikov, 1953 (Name not available ICZN Art. 13(a)(i))
Carpenterella Krasheninnikov, 1953 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Cellanthus Montfort, 1808
Cellulia Agassiz, 1844 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987,
err. emend. )
Cribrononion Thalmann, 1947· accepted, alternate representation
Faujasinella Voloshinova, 1958 (Subjective
junior synonym in opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Geophonus Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Helicoza Mobius, 1880 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Helicoza Möbius, 1880 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Nonion (Cribrononion) Thalmann, 1947 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Ozawaia Cushman, 1931 (Junior subjective synonym in opinion of Hayward et al. (1997))
Perfectononion Voloshinova & Leonenko, 1970 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Planoelphidium Voloshinova, 1958 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Polystomatium Ehrenberg, 1839 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Polystomella Lamarck, 1822 (Subjective junior synonym Opinion of Loeblich and Tappan (1987))
Sporilus Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Themeon Montfort, 1808 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Vorticialis Lamarck, 1812 (Opinion of Loeblich & Tappan, 1987)
Elphidium is an abundant genus of
foraminifera . Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams,
fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of the species within this genus is disputed due to the high variability of some species.
[3]
Description
Elphidium is generally around 1 mm in size. The
test is spiral-shaped, and can be red, orange, or brown. This shell is made up of
calcium carbonate . Species of this genus have seven to twenty chambers in the final whorl, and may have an umbilical plug on each side. [
citation needed ] In some species the rim is sharp, while in others it is more rounded. Another distinctive feature is the retral processes (small backward extensions of the chamber walls) that cross the sutures, giving some the appearance of tiny rolled up glass baskets. [
citation needed ] Elphidium crawls using a type of
pseudopod called
reticulopodia .
Life cycle
Elphidium shows dimorphism with
alternating generations .
The complete cycle for Elphidium crispum takes two years in the shallower marine regions, although it may be delayed at deeper stations.
Asexual reproduction reaches a peak in spring of the first year.
Sexual reproduction begins early in the second spring as temperatures begin to rise.
The gametes conjugate outside in open sea to produce zygotes and the B form then develops and matures during the second summer.
Lister (1895) observed Elphidium in two different forms as megalospheric form (sexual form) and microsperic form (asexual form). The megalosperic form was developed from the microsperic form. The
gametes which gives rise to microspheric form by
syngamy .
Elphidium exhibits an alternation of generation in its life cycle. The megalosperic forms alternates with microspheric forms. The microspheric forms are developed by the conjugation or syngamy. It means there is always an alternations of asexual (microspheric) and sexual (megalospheric) generation in Elphidium .
The microspheric form reproduces asexually by
fission to produce a number of amoebulae. The inner
cytoplasm mass containing several
nuclei creeps out of the shell and remains as a lump around it. A small amount of cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. As a result, a large number of amoeboid cells are formed. Each amoebula secretes the proloculum, formsrhizopodia, then it grows and forms other chambers of the shell to become a megalospheric forms.
The megalospheric form reproduces sexually by syngamy or conjugation. During sexual reproduction in megalospheric forms, nucleus first breaks up into many small nuclei and the cytoplasm collects around each of these nuclei. The nuclei divide twice giving rise to a large haploid and known as isogametes. [
clarification needed ] Isogametes of two different individuals fuse in pairs to form zygotes. These are then develops into microspheric form.
The life cycle of Elphidium may be summarized as follows: the microspheric forms produce amoebulae by asexual fission which develops into megalospheric forms. The megalospheric forms produce flagellated isogametes which after syngamy produce zygotes that develop into microspheric forms. Thus, its life cycle clearly exhibits the phenomenon of alternations of asexual microspheric generations with sexual megalospheric generations.
Subdivisions
Subgenus
Elphidium (Parrellina) Carter, 1958
Subgenus
Elphidium (Polystomella) Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932
Elphidium
incertae sedis
Elphidium abyssicola Ishiwada, 1964
Elphidium aculeatum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
†
Elphidium adelaidense Howchin & Parr, 1938
Elphidium advenum (Cushman, 1922)
†
Elphidium africanum LeRoy, 1953
†
Elphidium aguafrescaense Todd & Kniker, 1952
Elphidium alaskense Cushman & Todd, 1947
Elphidium albanii Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
Elphidium alvarezianum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium ancestrum Le Calvez, 1950
Elphidium argenteum Parr, 1945
†
Elphidium armenium Saakyan-Gezalyan, 1957
Elphidium articulatum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium asagaiense Asano, 1949
†
Elphidium asanoi Kaiho, 1984
†
Elphidium asanoi Matsunaga, 1963
Elphidium asiaticum Polski, 1959
Elphidium asklundi Brotzen, 1943
†
Elphidium australis Cushman & Parker, 1931
†
Elphidium azerbaidjanicum Mamedova, 1966
†
Elphidium aznaburticum Pronina, 1964
Elphidium bartletti Cushman, 1933
Elphidium batavum Hofker, 1968
Elphidium batialis Saidova, 1961
†
Elphidium bhattacharyai Jauhri, 1994
Elphidium biperforatus (Whittaker & Hodgkinson, 1979)
†
Elphidium bogdanowiczi Pronina, 1964
Elphidium bosoense Fujita, 1956
Elphidium botaniense Albani, 1981
†
Elphidium brooklynense Shupack, 1934
†
Elphidium californicum Cook Ms., 1959
Elphidium capelavelaense McCulloch, 1981
†
Elphidium carenerosensis Bermúdez & Fuenmayor, 1966
†
Elphidium cariacoense Bermúdez & Seiglie, 1963
Elphidium carpentariaense Albani & Yassini, 1993
Elphidium carteri Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
†
Elphidium cercadense Bermúdez, 1949
†
Elphidium chapmani Cushman, 1936
Elphidium charlottense (Vella, 1957)
†
Elphidium cherifi Anan, 2010
†
Elphidium chilenum Todd & Kniker, 1952
†
Elphidium clarki Graham, 1950
†
Elphidium clavatum Cushman Em. Loeblich & Tappan, 1953
Elphidium cochense McCulloch, 1981
Elphidium collinsi Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
Elphidium colomboense McCulloch, 1977
†
Elphidium colomi Ferrer, 1971
Elphidium complanatum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium compressulum Copeland, 1964
†
Elphidium concinnum Khalilov, 1957
†
Elphidium concinnum Nicol, 1944
†
Elphidium consociatum Khalilov, 1957
†
Elphidium costiferum (Terquem, 1882)
†
Elphidium crassatum Cushman, 1936
Elphidium crassimargo Shchedrina, 1984
Elphidium craticulatum (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
†
Elphidium crespinae Cushman, 1936
Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Elphidium cristobalense McCulloch, 1981
Elphidium cubaguaense McCulloch, 1981
†
Elphidium culebrense Cushman, 1936
Elphidium cuvillieri Levy, 1966
†
Elphidium cynicalis Jennings, 1936
Elphidium decipiens (O.G.Costa, 1856)
†
Elphidium decorum Qiu & Lin, 1978
†
Elphidium deferrariisi Malumián, 1990
Elphidium delicatulum Bermúdez, 1949
Elphidium discoidale (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium dominicense Bermúdez, 1949
†
Elphidium dopperti Daniels, 2001
†
Elphidium duzdagicum Pronina, 1964
Elphidium earlandi Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium echinus Serova, 1955
†
Elphidium elegans Serova, 1955
Elphidium elegantum (Hofker, 1976)
†
Elphidium ellisi Weiss, 1954
†
Elphidium eocenicum Cushman & Ellisor, 1931
Elphidium excubitor Nicol, 1944
Elphidium exoticum Haynes, 1973
†
Elphidium ezoense Asano, 1937
†
Elphidium fastigiatum Cushman, 1945
Elphidium fax Nicol, 1944
†
Elphidium fedorowi Bogdanovich, 1960
†
Elphidium felsense Papp, 1963
†
Elphidium ferrentegranulum Krasheninnikov, 1960
Elphidium fichtelianum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Elphidium fijiense Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
Elphidium fimbriatulum (Cushman, 1918)
†
Elphidium fissurisuturalum Wang, He & Lu, 1988
†
Elphidium flexuosum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
†
Elphidium florentinae Shupack, 1934
†
Elphidium formosum Todd, 1957
†
Elphidium friedbergi Serova, 1955
Elphidium frigidum Cushman, 1933
Elphidium frizzelli Miller, 1953
Elphidium galvestonense Kornfeld, 1931
†
Elphidium georgianum Cushman, 1935
†
Elphidium georgium Venglinsky, 1958
†
Elphidium gibsoni Hayward, 1979
†
Elphidium glabratum Cushman, 1939
†
Elphidium granatum Gudina, 1964
†
Elphidium granti Kleinpell, 1938
Elphidium granulosum (Sidebottom, 1909)
†
Elphidium grimensis Quilty, 1980
Elphidium groenlandicum Cushman, 1933
†
Elphidium guraboense Bermúdez, 1949
†
Elphidium haagensis van Voorthuysen, 1950
†
Elphidium hadleyana Smitter, 1955
Elphidium halickii Brodniewicz, 1972
Elphidium hallandense Brotzen, 1943
†
Elphidium hampdenense Finlay, 1939
†
Elphidium hauerinum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Elphidium hawkesburyense (Albani, 1974)
†
Elphidium helenae Quilty, 1980
†
Elphidium hiltermanni Hagn, 1952
Elphidium hispidulum Cushman, 1936
Elphidium hokkaidoense Asano, 1950
†
Elphidium hornibrooki Srinivasan, 1966
†
Elphidium howchini Cushman, 1936
Elphidium hughesi Cushman & Grant, 1927
†
Elphidium humboldtensis Haller, 1980
†
Elphidium hungaricum Korecz-Laky, 1967
Elphidium hyalocostatum Todd, 1957
†
Elphidium ibericum (Schrodt, 1890)
†
Elphidium icenorum Macfadyen, 1939
Elphidium inchonense Mcculloch, 1977
†
Elphidium inclarum Krasheninnikov, 1960
Elphidium indicum Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium infrajuliense Bertels, 1977
†
Elphidium ingressans Dorreen, 1948
†
Elphidium inopinatum Khalilov, 1957
†
Elphidium iojimaense Asano & Murata, 1958
Elphidium iranicum (Yassini & Ghahreman, 1977)
†
Elphidium ishikariense Kaiho, 1984
†
Elphidium izumoense Nomura, 1990
†
Elphidium javanum Yabe & Asano, 1937
Elphidium jiani Lei & Li, 2016
†
Elphidium johnstonae Mclean, 1956
†
Elphidium joukovi Serova, 1955
†
Elphidium kadilnicovi Semenov & Semenova, 1980
†
Elphidium kaicherae Mclean, 1956
Elphidium kaneharai Ishiwada, 1958
†
Elphidium kanoum Hayward, 1979
†
Elphidium karenae Asbjornsdottir, 1994
†
Elphidium karpaticum Myatlyuk, 1950
†
Elphidium kazmakrisense Mamedova, 1966
Elphidium kerguelenense Parr, 1950
Elphidium kobense McCulloch, 1977
†
Elphidium koberi Tollmann, 1955
Elphidium koeboeense LeRoy, 1939
Elphidium kozlowskii Brodniewicz, 1965
†
Elphidium kudakoense Bogdanovich, 1947
Elphidium kusiroense Asano, 1938
†
Elphidium laeve (d'Orbigny in Parker, Jones & Brady, 1865)
Elphidium lagunense (Albani & Balbero, 1982)
†
Elphidium laloviensis Venglinsky, 1948
Elphidium lanieri (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium latidorsatum (Reuss, 1864)
†
Elphidium latispatium Poag, 1966
†
Elphidium latusovum Krasheninnikov, 1960
†
Elphidium lauritaense Todd & Kniker, 1952
†
Elphidium lautenschlaegeri Voloshinova, 1952
Elphidium lene Cushman & McCulloch, 1940
†
Elphidium lens Galloway & Heminway, 1941
†
Elphidium leonensis Applin & Jordan, 1945
Elphidium lessonii (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium ligatum Krasheninnikov, 1960
†
Elphidium limatulum Copeland, 1964
Elphidium limpidum Ho, Hu & Wang, 1965
†
Elphidium lobatum Galloway & Heminway, 1941
†
Elphidium ludbrookae Bhalla & Dev, 1988
†
Elphidium mabutii Asano, 1962
Elphidium macellum (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
Elphidium maioricense Colom, 1942
†
Elphidium manibulum Khalilov, 1957
Elphidium maorium Hayward, 1997
Elphidium margaritaceum Cushman, 1930
†
Elphidium marshallana Todd & Post, 1954
Elphidium matagordanum (Kornfeld, 1931)
†
Elphidium matanginuiense Hayward, 1997
†
Elphidium matauraense Hayward, 1997
†
Elphidium matsuense Nomura, 1990
Elphidium matsukawauraense Takayanagi, 1955
Elphidium mawsoni Parr, 1950
Elphidium mexicanum Kornfeld, 1931
†
Elphidium microelegans Serova, 1955
†
Elphidium microgranulosum Galloway & Wissler, 1951
†
Elphidium miikense Murata, 1961
Elphidium millettiforme McCulloch, 1977
†
Elphidium minutum (Reuss, 1865)
†
Elphidium mirandum Krasheninnikov, 1960
†
Elphidium mironovi Voloshinova, 1952
Elphidium morenoi Bermúdez, 1935
Elphidium mortonbayense Albani & Yassini, 1993
†
Elphidium multacamerum Krasheninnikov, 1960
†
Elphidium mundulum Todd & Low, 1960
†
Elphidium musselroeensis Quilty, 1980
†
Elphidium nagaoi Asano, 1938
Elphidium nakanokawaense Shirai, 1960
†
Elphidium nataliae Popescu, 1995
†
Elphidium nautiloideum Galloway & Heminway, 1941
†
Elphidium neocrespinae Gibson, 1983
Elphidium neosimplex McCulloch, 1977
†
Elphidium nigarense Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium nipeense Keijzer, 1945
†
Elphidium noniformis Gerke in Voloshinova & Dain, 1952
†
Elphidium nonioniformis Smigielska, 1957
Elphidium norvangi Buzas, Smith & Beem, 1977
†
Elphidium notabilis Pishvanova, 1958
Elphidium novozealandicum Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium obtusum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Elphidium oceanense (d'Orbigny in Fornasini, 1904)
Elphidium oceanicum Cushman, 1933
†
Elphidium oligocenicum Khalilov, 1951
†
Elphidium ombetsuense Asano, 1962
†
Elphidium omotoensis Dorreen, 1948
Elphidium omuraense Shuto, 1953
†
Elphidium onerosum Bogdanovich, 1960
†
Elphidium orientale Voloshinova, 1952
Elphidium owenianum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Elphidium ozawai Uchio, 1951
†
Elphidium panamense Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium papillosum Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium paraense Petri, 1954
†
Elphidium paraskevaidisi Christodoulou, 1960
Elphidium parviforme McCulloch, 1981
†
Elphidium parvulum Aoki, 1968
Elphidium parvum Zheng, 1980
†
Elphidium parvus Eremeeva, 1961
†
Elphidium patagonicum Todd & Kniker, 1952
†
Elphidium perforatum Nomura, 1990
†
Elphidium perscitum Serova, 1955
†
Elphidium philippense Hayward, 1997
Elphidium phillipense Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
Elphidium pilasense McCulloch, 1977
Elphidium planiforme McCulloch, 1981
Elphidium planulatum (Lamarck, 1822)
Elphidium planum Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944
†
Elphidium podolicum Serova, 1955
Elphidium ponticum (Dolgopolskaya & Pauli, 1931)
†
Elphidium primum Ten Dam, 1944
Elphidium pseudoinflatum Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium pseudolessonii Ten Dam & Reinhold, 1941
†
Elphidium pseudonodosum Cushman, 1936
†
Elphidium puertoricense Galloway & Heminway, 1941
Elphidium pulvereum Todd, 1958
Elphidium punctatum (Terquem, 1878)
†
Elphidium puscharovski Serova, 1955
†
Elphidium pusillogranosum Venglinsky, 1958
†
Elphidium pustulisuturale Wang & Cheng, 1981
Elphidium pustulosum Cushman & McCulloch, 1940
†
Elphidium rarum Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944
†
Elphidium rasshamali Haque, 1970
†
Elphidium reginum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Elphidium reticulosum Cushman, 1933
†
Elphidium rioturbiense Malumián, 1994
†
Elphidium rischtanicum Bykova, 1939
†
Elphidium rolshauseni Cushman & Ellisor, 1939
†
Elphidium rota Ellis, 1939
Elphidium rotatum Howchin & Parr, 1938
†
Elphidium rugosum (d'Orbigny, 1846)
Elphidium rugulosum Cushman & Wickenden, 1929
Elphidium rutteni Hermes, 1945
†
Elphidium saginatum Finlay, 1939
Elphidium sagrum (d'Orbigny, 1839)
†
Elphidium saitoi Asano & Murata, 1958
†
Elphidium salebrosum Serova, 1955
†
Elphidium samueli Zlinská, 1993
Elphidium sandiegoense (Lankford, 1973)
†
Elphidium sandongensis He & Hu, 1978
†
Elphidium schencki Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934
†
Elphidium schreiteri Eichenberg, 1935
†
Elphidium semiinvolutum Myatlyuk, 1956
Elphidium semistriatum (d'Orbigny, 1852)
†
Elphidium sendaiense Takayanagi, 1950
†
Elphidium seranense Valk, 1945
Elphidium seymourense McCulloch, 1977
Elphidium shochinae Mayer, 1968
Elphidium silvestrii Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
Elphidium simaense Makiyama & Nakagawa, 1941
Elphidium simulatum McCulloch, 1977
Elphidium singaporense McCulloch, 1977
†
Elphidium skyringense Todd & Kniker, 1952
†
Elphidium smithi Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934
Elphidium somaense Takayanagi, 1955
Elphidium spinatum Cushman & Valentine, 1930
†
Elphidium stebnicaensis Pishvanova, 1964
†
Elphidium stellans Krasheninnikov, 1960
†
Elphidium stelliferum Khalilov, 1957
Elphidium stimulum Cushman & McCulloch, 1940
Elphidium strattoni (Applin, 1925)
Elphidium striatopunctatum (Fichtel & Moll, 1798)
†
Elphidium subcarinatum (Egger, 1857)
Elphidium subcrispum Nakamura, 1937
†
Elphidium subfichtelianum Mamedova, 1966
Elphidium subincertum Asano, 1950
†
Elphidium subinflatum Cushman, 1936
Elphidium subnodosum (Münster, 1838)
†
Elphidium subrotatum Hornibrook, 1961
†
Elphidium subsphaericum Cushman & Hedberg, 1930
†
Elphidium sumitomoi Asano & Murata, 1958
†
Elphidium suzukii Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944
†
Elphidium taiwanum Nakamura, 1937
†
Elphidium tengiense Mamedova, 1966
†
Elphidium terquemianum Le Calvez, 1950
†
Elphidium tikutoensis Nakamura, 1937
†
Elphidium toddae Petri, 1955
Elphidium tongaense (Cushman, 1931)
†
Elphidium transcarpaticum Venglinsky, 1948
Elphidium translucens Natland, 1938
†
Elphidium tropicale Petri, 1954
Elphidium tsudai Chiji & Nakaseko, 1950
Elphidium tumidum Natland, 1938
†
Elphidium twiggsanum Cushman, 1945
†
Elphidium ukrainicum Krasheninnikov, 1960
†
Elphidium ustilatum Todd, 1957
Elphidium vavauense Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997
Elphidium vellai Hayward, 1997
Elphidium venetum (Albani, Favero & Serandrei Barbero, 1991)
Elphidium vitreum Collins, 1974
Elphidium voorthuyseni Haake, 1962
†
Elphidium vulgare Voloshinova, 1952
Elphidium waddense van Voorthuysen, 1975
†
Elphidium wadeae (Hornibrook, 1961)
†
Elphidium wakkanabense Kaiho, 1992
Elphidium williamsoni Haynes, 1973
Elphidium wordeni McCulloch, 1977
†
Elphidium yumotoense Asano, 1949
†
Elphidium zeivensis Khalilov, 1957
References
^ Montfort P. [Denys de]. (1808-1810). Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris: Schoell. Vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii + 409 [1808]. Vol. 2: pp. 676 + 16 [1810 (before 28 May)]., available online at
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/10571
^
a
b Hayward, B.W.; Le Coze, F.; Gross, O. (2019). World Foraminifera Database. Elphidium Montfort, 1808. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=112162 on 2019-01-08
^ Schweizer, Magali; Polovodova, Irina; Nikulina, Anna; Schonfeld, Joachim (March 2011).
"Molecular identification of Ammonia and Elphidium species (Foraminifera, Rotaliida) from the Kiel Fjord (SW Baltic Sea) with rDNA sequences" . Helgoland Marine Research . 65 (1): 1–10.
Bibcode :
2011HMR....65....1S .
doi :
10.1007/s10152-010-0194-3 .
Loeblich and
Helen Tappan , 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
_____ 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. E-book
[1]
For illustrations see :
Elphidium ,
World Modern Foraminifera Database
Further reading
Manley, C.J.; Shaw, S.R. (November 1997). "Geotaxis and Phototaxis in Elphidium Crispum (Protozoa: Foraminiferida)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom . 77 (4): 959–967.
doi :
10.1017/S0025315400038558 .
S2CID
84281535 .