Mary (or Miriam) Sully Bordeaux Deloria and Philip Joseph Deloria
Relatives
Sister Susan; brother, Vine V. Deloria, Sr.; Nephew,
Vine Deloria, Jr.
Awards
Indian Achievement Award, 1943; Ella C. Deloria Undergraduate Research Fellowship established in her honor
Ella Cara Deloria (January 31, 1889 – February 12, 1971), also called Aŋpétu Wašté Wiŋ (Beautiful Day Woman), was a Yankton Dakota (Sioux)
educator,
anthropologist,
ethnographer,
linguist, and
novelist. She recorded Native American
oral history and contributed to the study of Native American languages.[1] According to Cotera (2008), Deloria was "a pre-eminent expert on Dakota/Lakota/Nakota cultural religious, and linguistic practices."[2] In the 1940s, Deloria wrote a novel titled Waterlily, which was published in 1988, and republished in 2009.[3][4][5]
Life
Deloria was born in 1889 in the White Swan district of the
Yankton Indian Reservation,
South Dakota.[3] Her parents were Mary (or Miriam) (Sully) Bordeaux Deloria and Philip Joseph Deloria[5] and had Yankton Dakota,
English,
French and German roots; the family surname goes back to a French trapper ancestor named Francois-Xavier Delauriers. Her father was one of the first Sioux to be ordained as an
Episcopal priest. Her mother was the daughter of
Alfred Sully, a general in the US Army, and a Métis Yankton Sioux. Ella was the first child to the couple, who each had several daughters by previous marriages. Her full siblings were sister Susan (also known as
Mary Sully)[6] and brother Vine Deloria Sr., who became an
Episcopal priest like their father. The noted writer
Vine Deloria Jr. is her nephew.
"one of the first truly bilingual, bicultural figures in American anthropology, and an extraordinary scholar, teacher, and spirit who pursued her own work and commitments under notoriously adverse conditions. At one point she lived out of a car while collecting material for
Franz Boas."[9]
Throughout her professional life, she suffered from not having the money or the free time necessary to take an advanced degree. She was committed to the support of her family. Her father and step-mother were elderly, and her sister Susan depended on her financially.[1]
Deloria had a series of
strokes in 1970,[11] dying the following year of
pneumonia.
Work and achievements
Deloria met
Franz Boas while at Teachers College, and began a professional association with him that lasted until his death in 1942.[10] Boas recruited her as a student, and engaged her to work with him on the linguistics of Native American languages.[12] She worked with
Margaret Mead and
Ruth Benedict, anthropologists who had been graduate students of Boas. For her work on American Indian cultures, she had the advantage of fluency in the Dakota and
Lakota dialects of
Sioux,[13] in addition to
English and
Latin.
Although Deloria worked under Boas, Mead, and Benedict, experts have primarily focused on the bridge she enacted between white and Native cultural perspectives, Deloria's dual commitments to her work and family, and the importance of her expertise to Indigenous communities.[14] Therefore, "exam[ining] Deloria's reciprocal mentoring relationships, in this way intervening in previous scholarship’s emphasis upon Deloria’s cultural mediation and personal hardships to highlight her impact on the field of anthropology (...) was instrumental in bringing about important advances to the field."[14] This "reciprocal mentoring relationship" can be seen between Boas and Deloria.
Deloria met Franz Boas while at Teachers College; "Boas was impressed enough with this young woman (...) that he asked her to teach Siouan dialects (she was proficient in Lakota and Nakota dialects and spoke Dakota at home as a child) to his students in a class he was teaching in linguistics."[14] Moreover, it has been contended that “the mentoring role demands even more of the anthropologist (...) anthropology mentors must suspend the skills they have worked so hard to develop and instead engage in a more passive role for providing insight and eventual understanding."[14] Deloria established her "own clear, dissenting voice and pushed her mentors to alter their assumptions."[14] Due to personal family obligations, Deloria "[was] forced to return home to the Midwest in 1915, and “it was not until 1927 that Deloria was reintroduced to the academic world of anthropology (...) Boas visited Deloria in Kansas that summer and asked her to recommence her work on the Lakota language."[14] However, the relationship between Deloria and Boas was complex and has been further revealed through letters. "James Walker amassed an enormous body of information regarding Lakota beliefs, rituals, and myths. Boas had asked Deloria to substantiate his findings (...) She became critical of Walker’s work when she discovered that he had failed to separate creative fiction from traditional stories. After Deloria shared her findings with Boas, he did not hesitate to express his dissatisfaction."[14] He was trying to align these answers with information from earlier anthropologists (European American men) had provided.[14] On the other hand, "Boas encouraged Deloria to verify myths of the Lakota."[14] Nevertheless, "Boas became and remained a charismatic mentor to Deloria, and through her voice of dissent, she challenged Boas to rise to a higher standard in his own work."[14]
Her linguistic abilities and her intimate knowledge of traditional and Christianized Sioux culture, together with her deep commitment both to American Indian cultures and to scholarship, allowed Deloria to carry out important, often ground-breaking work in anthropology and ethnology. She also translated into English several Sioux historical and scholarly texts, such as the Lakota texts of
George Bushotter (1864–1892), the first Sioux ethnographer (Deloria 2006; originally published in 1932); and the
Santee texts recorded by Presbyterian missionaries Samuel and
Gideon Pond, brothers from Connecticut.[15]
In 1938–39, Deloria was one of a small group of researchers commissioned to do a socioeconomic study on the
Navajo Reservation for the
Bureau of Indian Affairs;[16] it was funded by the
Phelps Stokes Fund. They published their report, entitled The Navajo Indian Problem. This project opened the door for Deloria to receive more speaking engagements, as well as funding to support her continued important work on Native languages.
In 1940, she and her sister Susan went to
Pembroke, North Carolina to conduct some research among the self-identified
Lumbee of
Robeson County.[16] The project was supported by the
Bureau of Indian Affairs and the federal
Farm Security Administration. Since the late 19th century, these
mixed-race people, considered
free people of color before the Civil War, had been recognized as an Indian tribe by the state of North Carolina, which allowed them to have their own schools, rather than requiring them to send their children to schools with the children of
freedmen. They were also seeking federal recognition as a Native American tribe.[17] Deloria believed she could make an important contribution to their effort for recognition by studying their distinctive culture and what remained of their original language. In her study, she conducted interviews with a range of people in the group, including women, about their use of plants, food, medicine, and animal names. She came very close to completing a dictionary of what may have been their original language before they adopted English.[18] She also assembled a pageant with, for and about the Robeson County Indians in 1940 that depicted their origin account.[19]
In 2010, the Department of Anthropology of
Columbia University, Deloria's
alma mater, established the Ella C. Deloria Undergraduate Research Fellowship in her honor.[9]
Selected works
Fiction
1991: Ella Deloria's Iron Hawk (single narrative), ed. Julian Rice. University of New Mexico Press;
ISBN0-8263-1447-3
1994: Ella Deloria's the Buffalo People (collection of stories), ed. Julian Rice. University of New Mexico Press;
ISBN0-8263-1506-2
2006: Dakota Texts, Introduction by Raymond J. DeMallie. University of Nebraska Press;
ISBN0-8032-6660-X
1928: The Wohpe Festival: Being an All-Day Celebration, Consisting of Ceremonials, Games, Dances and Songs, in Honor of Wohpe, One of the Four Superior Gods... Games, of Adornment and of Little Children
Cotera, María Eugenia. 2008. Native Speakers: Ella Deloria, Zora Neale Hurston, Jovita González, And the Poetics of Culture. Array Austin: University of Texas Press.
Deloria, Philip J. 1996. "Ella Deloria (Anpetu Waste)." Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life from Paleo-Indians to the Present. Ed. Frederick E. Hoxie. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 159–61.
ISBN0-3956-6921-9.
DeMallie, Raymond J. 2009. Afterword. Waterlily. University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN978-0-8032-1904-5.
Finn,Janet L. 2000. "Walls and Bridges: Cultural Mediation and the Legacy of Ella Deloria." Frontiers 21.3: 158–82.
Gambrell, Alice. 1997. Women Intellectuals, Modernism, and Difference: Transatlantic Culture, 1919–1945. Cambridge Univ. Press.
ISBN0-521-55688-0
Gardner, Susan. 2007. 'Weaving an Epic Story': Ella Cara Deloria's Pageant for the Indians of Robeson County, North Carolina, 1940–41. Mississippi Quarterly 60:1, 33–57.
Gardner, Susan. 2003. "'Although It Broke My Heart to Cut Some Bits I Fancied': Ella Deloria's Original Design for Waterlily.' American Indian Quarterly 27:3/4, 667–696.
Gardner, Susan. 2009. "Introduction," Waterlily new edition. University of Nebraska Press.
ISBN978-0-8032-1904-5
Gardner, Susan. 2007. "Piety, Pageantry and Politics on the Northern Great Plains: an American Indian Woman Restages Her Peoples' Conquest.[26]" "The Forum on Public Policy," the online journal of the Oxford Roundtable [Harris Manchester College, Oxford, England].
Gardner, Susan. 2014. "Subverting the Rhetoric of Assimilation: Ella Cara Deloria (Dakota) in the 1920s." Hecate 39.1/2: 8–32.
Kelsey, Penelope Myrtle. 2008. Tribal Theory in Native American Literature. University of Nebraska Press;
ISBN978-0-8032-2771-2
Medicine, Bea. 1980. "Ella C. Deloria: The Emic Voice." MELUS 7.4: 23–30.
Murray, Janette. 1974. Ella Deloria: A Biographical Sketch and Literary Analysis. Ph.D. thesis, University of North Dakota.
Rice, Julian. 1992. Deer Women and Elk Men: The Lakota Narratives of Ella Deloria. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
ISBN0-8263-1362-0.
Rice, Julian. 1993. Ella Deloria's Iron Hawk. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
ISBN978-0-8263-1447-5.
Rice, Julian. 1994. Ella Deloria's The Buffalo People. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
ISBN0-8263-1506-2.
Rice, Julian. 1998. Before the Great Spirit: The Many Faces of Sioux Spirituality. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
ISBN0-8263-1868-1. (Includes extended quotation and analysis of stories and cultural commentary from several of Deloria's unpublished manuscripts.)
Rice, Julian. 1983. "An Ohunkakan Brings a Virgin Back to Camp," American Indian Quarterly 7.4: 37–55.
Rice, Julian. 1984. "Why the Lakota Still Have Their Own: Ella Deloria's Dakota Texts." Western American Literature 19.3, 205–17. Reprinted in Native North American Literature. Ed. Janet Witalec. New York: Gale Research, Inc., 1994: 243–44.
Rice, Julian. 1984. "Encircling Ikto: Incest and Avoidance in Dakota Texts," South Dakota Review 22.4: 92–103.
Rice, Julian. 1984. "How Lakota Stories Keep the Spirit and Feed the Ghost." American Indian Quarterly 8.4: 331–47.
Rice, Julian. 1989. Lakota Storytelling: Black Elk, Ella Deloria, and Frank Fools Crow. New York: Peter Lang.
ISBN0-8204-0774-7.
Rice, Julian. 1992. "Narrative Styles in Dakota Texts," in On the Translation of Native American Literatures. Ed. Brian Swann. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 276–92.
ISBN1-56098-074-5. Reprinted in Sky Loom: Native American Myth, Story, and Song. Ed. Brian Swann. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014. 73–93.
ISBN978-0-8032-4615-7.
Rice, Julian. 1997. "Ella C. Deloria." Dictionary of Literary Biography: Native American Writers of the United States. Ed. Kenneth Roemer. Detroit, Washington, D.C., London: Bruccoli Clark Layman, Gale Research, 47–56.
ISBN0-8103-9938-5. (Includes an extended analysis of Waterlily.)
Rice, Julian. 1998. "It Was Their Own Fault for Being Intractable: Internalized Racism and Wounded Knee," American Indian Quarterly. 221/2: 63–82. (An interview Deloria conducted twenty years after the massacre at Wounded Knee with the mixed-blood wife of a white employee at the
Pine Ridge Agency. Deloria condemns her condescending attitude toward the victims.)
Rice, Julian. 2000. "Akicita of the Thunder: Horses in Black Elk's Visions." In The Black Elk Reader. Ed. Clyde Holler. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 59–76.
ISBN0-8156-2835-8. (Includes an analysis of "The Gift of the Horse" from Deloria's Dakota Texts.)
Rice, Julian. 2004. "Double-Face Tricks a Girl." In Voices from Four Directions: Contemporary Translations of the Native Literatures of North America. Ed. Brian Swann. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 397–407.
ISBN0-8032-4300-6.
Rosenfelt, W. E. 1973. The Last Buffalo: Cultural Views of the Plains Indians: the Sioux Or Dakota Nation. Minneapolis: Denison.
Sligh, Gary Lee. 2003. A Study of Native American Women Novelists: Sophia Alice Callahan, Mourning Dove, And Ella Cara Deloria. Lewiston, N.Y.: Edwin Mellen Press.
Ullrich, Jan. 2008. New Lakota Dictionary. Lakota Language Consortium.
ISBN0-9761082-9-1. (includes a detailed chapter on Deloria's contribution to the study of the Lakota language)
Visweswaran, Kamala. 1994. Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. Univ. of Minnesota Press.
ISBN0-8166-2337-6
^
abCotera, María Eugenia (2008). "Standing on the Middle Ground: Ella Deloria's Decolonizing Methodology". Native Speakers: Ella Deloria, Zora Neale Hurston, Jovita González, and the Poetics of Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 41–69.
ISBN978-0-292-79384-2.
^
abCotera, Maria (2010). Native Speakers: Ella Deloria, Zora Neale Hurston, Jovita Gonzalez, and the Poetics of Culture. University of Texas Press.
ISBN978-0292782488.
^Deloria, Vine; Deloria, Ella (1998). "Introduction". Speaking of Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. xix.
^
abJan Ullrich, New Lakota Dictionary. (2008, Lakota Language Consortium).
ISBN0-9761082-9-1. (includes a detailed chapter on Deloria's contribution to the study of the Lakota language)
^
abcdefghijBonnie, Sarah L., and Susan H. Krook. 2018. “The Mentoring of Miss Deloria: Poetics, Politics, and the Test of Tradition.” American Indian Quarterly 42 (3): 281–305. doi:10.5250/amerindiquar.42.3.0281.
^Walker, J. R. (James R.), 1849–1926 (2006).
Lakota myth. Jahner, Elaine, 1942–, DeMallie, Raymond J., 1946–, Colorado Historical Society. (New ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the Colorado Historical Society.
ISBN978-0-8032-9860-6.
OCLC62085331.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
^
abHoefel, Roseanne (Spring 2001). "Different by Degree: Ella Cara Deloria, Zora Neale Hurston, and Franz Boas Contend with Race and Ethnicity". American Indian Quarterly. 25 (2): 181–202.
doi:
10.1353/aiq.2001.0023.
JSTOR1185948.
S2CID162255878.