Early appropriate care (EAC) is a system in orthopaedic trauma surgery aiming to identify serious major trauma patients and treat the most time-critical injuries without adding to their physiological burden.
Measures
EAC prescribes that definitive management of unstable axial skeleton and long bone fractures should only be undertaken within 36 hours if an adequate response to resuscitation has been demonstrated by:[ citation needed]
- pH ≥7.25
- Lactate ≤4 mmol/L
- Base excess > (less negative than) -5.5 mmol/L
Other factors such as coagulopathy and hypothermia (parts of the Trauma triad of death) would also be indications for DCO with external fixation.[ citation needed]
History
Early total care (ETC) became widespread in the 1980s, when studies showed early definitive fixation of long bone fractures lead to better outcomes, with a reduction in incidence of secondary ARDS, fat embolism and sepsis. [1] Subsequent studies showed that in the unstable patient, long operations lead to a 'second hit' which actually worsened mortality outcomes.
A philosophy of damage control orthopaedics (DCO) was proposed in 2000, [2] aiming to prevent early death in a critically wounded patient via stabilization and not definitive fixation, often with the use of external fixation systems.
The term early appropriate care was first proposed in 2013 [3] as an evolution of DCO, with a focus on resuscitation rather than injury severity score.
See also
References
- ^ Bone LB, Johnson KD, Weigelt J, Scheinberg R (1989). "Early versus delayed stabilization of femoral fractures. A prospective randomized study". J Bone Joint Surg Am. 71 (3): 336–340. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198971030-00004. PMID 2925704.
- ^ Scalea TM, Boswell SA, Scott JD, Mitchell KA, Kramer ME, Pollak AN (2000). "External fixation as a bridge to intramedullary nailing for patients with multiple injuries and with femur fractures: damage control orthopedics". J Trauma. 48 (4): 613–21. doi: 10.1097/00005373-200004000-00006. PMID 10780592. S2CID 44429710.
- ^ Vallier HA, Wang X, Moore TA, Wilber JH, Como JJ (2013). "Timing of orthopaedic surgery in multiple trauma patients; development of a protocol for early appropriate care". J Orthop Trauma. 27 (10): 543–551. doi: 10.1097/bot.0b013e31829efda1. PMID 23760182. S2CID 32252098.