The dual state is a model in which the functioning of a
state is divided into a normative state, which operates according to set rules and regulations, and a prerogative state, "which exercises unlimited arbitrariness and violence unchecked by any legal guarantees".[1] It was invented by
Ernst Fraenkel to describe the functioning of the
Nazi state especially
law in Nazi Germany. Although it was originally intended as an analysis of
authoritarian states, some elements of the prerogative state are present in
democracies.[2][3][4] The model has also been applied to other states such as Israel,[5][6][7][8] the United States,[9][10] South Africa,[11]Fascist Italy,[12] twenty-first century China[13][14] and Russia.[15][16][17]
^Markovits, Inga (2006). "Transitions to Constitutional Democracies: The German Democratic Republic". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 603 (1): 140–154.
doi:
10.1177/0002716205282408.
S2CID154981020.
^Suntrup, Jan Christoph (2020). "Between prerogative power and legality – reading Ernst Fraenkel's The Dual State as an analytical tool for present authoritarian rule". Jurisprudence. 11 (3): 335–359.
doi:
10.1080/20403313.2020.1734337.
S2CID216447975.
^Ben-Natan, Smadar (2021). "The dual penal empire: Emergency powers and military courts in Palestine/Israel and beyond". Punishment & Society. 23 (5): 741–763.
doi:
10.1177/14624745211040311.
^Mackert, Jürgen (2021). "Introduction: A 'master-race democracy': Myths and lies of Western liberal civilization". The Condition of Democracy. Routledge.
ISBN978-1-003-15838-7.
^Dayan, Hilla (2022). "Israel/Palestine: Authoritarian Practices in the Context of a Dual State Crisis". New Authoritarian Practices in the Middle East and North Africa. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 131–151.
ISBN978-1-4744-8943-0.
^Mehozay, Yoav (2016). Between the Rule of Law and States of Emergency: The Fluid Jurisprudence of the Israeli Regime. State University of New York Press.
ISBN978-1-4384-6340-7.
^Saito, Natsu Taylor (2007). From Chinese Exclusion to Guantánamo Bay: Plenary Power and the Prerogative State. University Press of Colorado.
ISBN978-0-87081-851-6.
^Meierhenrich, Jens (2008). The Legacies of Law: Long-Run Consequences of Legal Development in South Africa, 1652–2000. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-1-139-47517-4.
^Sakwa, Richard (2010). "The revenge of the Caucasus: Chechenization and the dual state in Russia". Nationalities Papers. 38 (5): 601–622.
doi:
10.1080/00905992.2010.498468.
S2CID154320723.
^Sakwa, Richard (2010). The Crisis of Russian Democracy: The Dual State, Factionalism and the Medvedev Succession. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-0-521-76842-9.
Fraenkel, Ernst (2018).
Meierhenrich, Jens (ed.). The Dual State: A Contribution to the Theory of Dictatorship. Oxford University Press.
ISBN978-0-19-102533-4.
Dubber, Markus D. (2018). The Dual Penal State: The Crisis of Criminal Law in Comparative-Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press.
ISBN978-0-19-874429-0.