In 1579, Francis Drake was halfway during his circumnavigation and sailed out in the Pacific, then turned east seeking the Strait of Anián (a water passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, known in the reverse direction as the Northwest Passage), or for a place to repair his ships. [1]
After reaching land in Oregon, at the Oregon Dunes, near Coos Bay, Drake headed south, seeking a safe harbor. [2]
Landing in California
Like most early explorations, mainly Spaniards, Drake's harbor was not marked by a large, permanent marker that could be found by future visitors. Instead, smaller pieces of physical and documentary evidence lead to the identity of Drake's landing site. [3] Scholars find uncertainty over Drake's landing site "a little strange since most of the voyage and layovers are described in such satisfying detail by Francis Fletcher." [4] The pieces of evidence include
Eleven keys
1. The bay is within one-half degree (thirty nautical miles) of 38 degrees or 38 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. [5]
2. The bay is in Coast Miwok territory. [6]
3. Islands of Saint James are not far without the bay.
4. There is no strait leading into the continent, nor currents at sea suggesting one.
5. White banks and cliffs resemble counterparts along the English Channel.
6. The climate was cold, very foggy and windy from 27 June through 2 August (new style dates).
7. The bay is the second in a charted sequence of two bays when traveling south.
8. Drake found the bay unexpectedly, as by godsend and "fell with" a harbor within the bay.
9. The bay faces south, with depths from six to eight fathoms within a prominent point, diminishing gradually to three fathoms on a course leading northeasterly into the bay toward an anchorage off a river or estuary in the north end.
10. A fertile and hospitable inland region contrasts sharply with the barren, cold and foggy haven at the shore.
11. Artifacts attributable to the Drake expedition are in Native- American village sites.
Drake's Cove in Drakes Bay fits these criteria.
The three most important keys
Robert Allen recognizes three of these items as the keys that identify the location of Drake's landing site:
1. "A latitude of 38 degrees was given six times in contemporary accounts as the latitude where Drake came ashore." [7]
2. "Not farre without this harborough did lye certain lands (we called them the Islands of Saint James)" [8] The only islands in the vicinity of 38 degrees north latitude are the Farallon Islands. They are visible only as far north as Point Reyes.
Upon leaving his landing site, Drake was reported "from thence setting his course southwest." [9]
Working backwards, from the Farallon Islands, heading northeast, takes one directly into Drakes Bay.
3. "White bancks and cliffes, which lie toward the sea" [10] are prominent features of Drakes Bay. The cliffs face both south and west, "toward the sea." These are similar to the white cliffs of Dover along the English Channel, hence the name " Nova Albion."
Additional keys
Raymond Aker recognizes ten specific additional keys beyond the eleven, above: [11]
12. Agreement with the Dudley Charts
13. A Fair and Good Bay
14. Indian Houses Close by the Waterside
15. No Choice of Havens
16. Flora and Fauna
17. Agreement with the Hondius Portus Novae Albionis Inset
18. Indian Village Three Quarters of a Mile from Encampment
19. Hills in Relation to Encampment
20. The Nature of the Fort
21. Relation of the Montanus Engraving.
Additional keys
22. Further exploration of the area was a hike inland. [12]
23. The area is suitable to the requirements of careening and ship repair. [13] [14]
24. There is abundant supply of stone for the fort's "bulwarks". [15]
25. The site is in the area of the first finding of the Plate of Brass. [16] [17]
26. The area abounds in foods of the types mentioned in the contemporary accounts and offers an adequate supply of water and food. [18]
27. The cove area is sufficiently extensive to accommodate the expedition. [19]
29. The water visibility enabled the Indians, when they "chanced to see a fish so see a fish so neare the shoare that they might reach the place without swimming, they would never or very seldom miss to take it." [20]
Legacy
Many things in Marin County, California are named after Sir Francis Drake. These include Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, Drakes Bay, Drakes Estero, and Drakes Beach.
See also
- Fringe theories on the location of New Albion
- Drake's Plate of Brass, a forgery of a plate purported to have been posted by Drake in California
- New Albion
- Drake Navigators Guild
References
- ^ "REPORT OF FINDINGS RELATING TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE'S ENCAMPMENT AT POINT REYES NATIONAL SEASHORE". 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
- ^ Von der Porten, Edward P., Drake's First Landfall, Pacific Discovery, California Academy of Sciences, Vol. XXVIII, Number 1, January/February 1975, pp. 28-30
- ^ Aker, Raymond, and Edward Von der Porten, Discovering Francis Drake's California Harbor, Drake Navigators Guild, Palo Alto, CA, 2000
- ^ Mason, Jack (1970). Point Reyes, The Solemn Land. DeWolfe Printing.
- ^ Drake, Francis (1628). The World Encompassed. p. 64.
- ^ Heizer, Robert F.; Elmendorf, William W. (June 1942). "Francis Drake's California Anchorage in the Light of the Indian Language Spoken There". The Pacific Historical Review. 11 (2). University of California Press: 212–217. doi: 10.2307/3633770. JSTOR 3633770.
- ^ Allen, Robert, monograph, 2007
- ^ Drake, Sir Francis (1628). The World Encompassed.
- ^ Stow, John, The Chronicles of England, 1592
- ^ Drake, Sir Francis (1628). The World Encompassed.
- ^ Aker, Raymond (1978). SIR FRANCIS DRAKE AT DRAKE'S BAY. Drake Navigators Guild.
- ^ John Sugden notes that the contemporary records show that "so uninteresting were the waters around Drake's anchorage in 1579 that when he did explore he marched inland."Sugden, John (2006). Sir Francis Drake. Pimlico. p. 135.
- ^ Dillingham, Matthew; Aker, Raymond (1960). A Review of the Findings of Dr. Adan E. Treganza Relative to the Site of Drake's Landing in California. p. 13.
- ^ This publication lists 22 points of evidence. Points not listed above are included here and below.
- ^ Dillingham, Matthew; Aker, Raymond (1960). A Review of the Findings of Dr. Adan E. Treganza Relative to the Site of Drake's Landing in California. p. 13.
- ^ Dillingham, Matthew; Aker, Raymond (1960). A Review of the Findings of Dr. Adan E. Treganza Relative to the Site of Drake's Landing in California. p. 13.
- ^ The Plate of Brass delivered to Herbert Bolton in 1937 has since been determined to be a fraud. This key would now apply to the finding of the real plate.
- ^ Dillingham, Matthew; Aker, Raymond (1960). A Review of the Findings of Dr. Adan E. Treganza Relative to the Site of Drake's Landing in California. p. 13.
- ^ Dillingham, Matthew; Aker, Raymond (1960). A Review of the Findings of Dr. Adan E. Treganza Relative to the Site of Drake's Landing in California. p. 13.
- ^ Dillingham, Matthew; Aker, Raymond (1960). A Review of the Findings of Dr. Adan E. Treganza Relative to the Site of Drake's Landing in California. p. 13.
External links
- Drake Navigators Guild [1]
- Drake's latitude determinations in California [2] Archived 2008-12-25 at the Wayback Machine