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One of the distinct regional forms in Philippine gong-chime music is the Maranao kolintang ensemble. [1] There are at 10 different kolintang ensembles listed in the New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments for the Philippines, Indonesia and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. [1] Each is important to the culture to which it belongs, and the ensembles have their own particular combination of melodic instruments, percussion "timbres" and suspended gongs. [1]
Bossed gong ensembles were probably first created in Java, eventually spreading to the rest of insular Southeast Asia through trade during the 15th century. In the precolonial era, these gongs constituted one of three types of heirlooms, along with goldwork and porcelain, of the coastal lowland royalties of the Philippine archipelago. The kulintang ensemble itself may have origins in Sundanese kolenang, migrating its way either northward through Sulawesi, Borneo, then Sulu, or eastward to Timor and Maluku before reaching northward to Mindanao.
During the 1950s, Maguindanaon merchants began selling many galang-type kulintang to Maranao antique trade dealers, thus today most galang are now owned my Maranao while the inubad ensembles remain prevalent among Maguindanaons. [2]
Within Maranao society, kolintang gong kettles were traditionally cast in the cire perdue method in Tugaya while agongs were imported from Borneo. [3]
kolintang | rowed set of eight bossed gong kettles | |
agung | large hanging bossed gongs beat by large padded mallets, dampened by hand | |
babndir | small hanging bossed gong beaten by one or two short, unpadded sticks on rim or boss | |
dbakan or dadabuan | large single-headed drum beaten by two long rattan sticks |
Maranao kolintang traditionally has no standardized tuning, with each individual set unique to a player's taste. Despite this, a consistent pattern of tuning intervals between sets in one study finds that most are partial towards a pelog scale. [4]
Informal classification of three types of genres and partial list of examples: [5]
Compositions derived from songs. The descriptions explain the respective lyrics.
Kolintang performances are regularly accompanied in a kalilang, any sizable gathering for a festive occasion which typically employs musical performances in general. Traditionally, there were two distinct kinds of kalilang which employs the kolintang: the formal kapmasaala ko limakadaradiat and the informal kappakaradiaan.
Weddings
Returning haji
Transfer of the Sultan's throne
Playing is prohibited during harvests, Ramadan, and during the mourning period of the death of important people.