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Introduction to Cyanobacterial Mats

Cyanobacterial mats are intricate ecosystems that form in various aquatic environments worldwide. These mats can vary greatly in size, shape, and appearance, ranging from small patches to extensive floating or submerged structures covering large areas of water surfaces or substrates. Their composition, structure, and ecological dynamics are influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions, nutrient availability, water chemistry, and interactions with other organisms. These dense communities of cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, play significant ecological roles but can also pose environmental and health risks under certain conditions.

Characteristics

These mats often exhibit distinct layers or zones, each characterized by different microbial communities and organic materials. In the upper layers, where light penetration is greatest, photosynthetic cyanobacteria dominate, utilizing sunlight to produce organic matter through photosynthesis. Deeper layers may harbor anaerobic bacteria due to limited oxygen penetration, leading to stratification and distinct metabolic processes within the mat.

The appearance of cyanobacterial mats can vary depending on the species of cyanobacteria present, as well as environmental conditions such as light intensity, temperature, and nutrient availability. Cyanobacteria come in a variety of colors, ranging from green to blue-green, brown, or reddish-brown, giving cyanobacterial mats their characteristic hues. The texture of mats can also vary, from slimy and gelatinous to firm and filamentous, depending on the species composition and growth form.

Ecological Roles

As primary producers, cyanobacterial mats contribute to the ecosystem's primary productivity by converting solar energy into organic matter through photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and sediment stabilization. In addition to supporting the food web as a source of energy and nutrients, these mats provide habitat and substrate for a diverse array of organisms, including bacteria, algae, protozoa, invertebrates, and even fish.

Despite their large contribution to the ecosystem, cyanobacterial mats can become problematic under certain conditions, particularly when they experience excessive growth. Nutrient pollution, often resulting from agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, or urban runoff, can fuel the proliferation of cyanobacteria and lead to the formation of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Which can have detrimental effects on water quality, aquatic life, and human health.

Algal Blooms

Some species of cyanobacteria can produce toxins that pose risks to human and animal health if ingested, inhaled, or exposed to skin contact. These cyanotoxins include hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, and dermatotoxins, which can cause a range of health problems, including liver damage, respiratory distress, skin irritation, gastrointestinal illness, and neurological disorders.

Nutrient management practices, such as reducing inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus through improved agricultural practices, stormwater management, and wastewater treatment, can help alleviate nutrient pollution and reduce the frequency and intensity of HABs. Watershed management approaches that focus on land use planning, riparian buffer zones, wetland restoration, and erosion control can also help protect water quality and reduce nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems.

Controlling algal growth through physical or chemical methods may be necessary in some cases to prevent or mitigate HABs. Physical methods, such as dredging, aeration, and mechanical removal of algal biomass, can be used to disrupt cyanobacterial mats and reduce their biomass. Chemical treatments, such as algaecides or flocculants, may also be employed to control algal growth, although these methods should be used judiciously.

Promoting natural predators or competitors of cyanobacteria, such as zooplankton grazers or other algae species, can help regulate algal populations and reduce the likelihood of HAB formation. Restoring ecological balance and enhancing biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems through habitat restoration, species reintroduction, and ecosystem-based management approaches can contribute to resilience against cyanobacterial mats and other ecological stressors.

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  1. ^ Henk Bolhuis, Mariana Silvia Cretoiu, Lucas J. Stal, Molecular ecology of microbial mats, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, Volume 90, Issue 2, November 2014, Pages 335–350, https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12408
  2. ^ Bauer, K., Diez, B., Lugomela, C., Seppala, S., Borg, A.J. and Bergman, B. (2008) Variability in benthic diazotrophy and cyanobacterial diversity in a tropical intertidal lagoon. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 63: 205–221.
  3. ^ Camacho, A. and de Wit, R. (2003) Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on a benthic microbial mat from a hypersaline lake. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 32: 261–273.
  4. ^ Fernandez-Valiente, E., Quesada, A., Howard-Williams, C. and Hawes, I. (2001) N2-fixation in cyanobacterial mats from ponds on the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Microb. Ecol. 42: 338–349.
  5. ^ Green, S.J., Blackford, C., Bucki, P., Jahnke, L.L. and Prufert-Bebout, L. (2008) A salinity and sulfate manipulation of hypersaline microbial mats reveals stasis in the cyanobacterial community structure. ISME J. 2: 457–470.
  6. ^ Omoregie, E.O., Crumbliss, L.L., Bebout, B.M. and Zehr, J.P. (2004a) Comparison of diazotroph community structure in Lyngbya sp. and Microcoleus chthonoplastes dominated microbial mats from Guerrero Negro, Baja, Mexico. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.
  7. ^ Paerl, H.W., Fitzpatrick, M. and Bebout, B.M. (1996) Seasonal nitrogen fixation dynamics in a marine microbial mat: potential roles of cyanobacteria and microheterotrophs. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41: 419–427.
  8. ^ Pinckney, J., Paerl, H.W. and Fitzpatrick, M. (1995b) Impacts of seasonality and nutrients on microbial mat community structure and function. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 123: 207–216.
  9. ^ Stal, L.J. (1995) Physiological ecology of cyanobacteria in microbial mats and other communities. New Phytol. 131: 1–32.
  10. ^ Ward, D.M., Ferris, M.J., Nold, S.C. and Bateson, M.M. (1998) A natural view of microbial biodiversity within hot spring cyanobacterial mat communities. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 1353–1370.
  11. ^ Hoehler TM, Bebout BM, Des DJ, Marais. (2001) The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early earth. Nature 412(6844):324–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/35085554
  12. ^ Cuadrado DG (2017) Microbial mats: impact on geology. In: Schmidt TM (ed) Encyclopedia of microbiology, 4th edn. Academic Press, Oxford, pp 146–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.13076-6
  13. ^ Hörnlein C, Confurius-Guns V, Stal LJ, Bolhuis H (2018) Daily rhythmicity in coastal microbial mats. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes 4(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-018-0054-5
  14. ^ Lee J, Burow L, Dagmar Woebken R, Everroad MK, Spormann A, Weber P, Pett-Ridge J, Bebout B, Hoehler T (2014) Fermentation couples chloroflexi and sulfate-reducing bacteria to cyanobacteria in hypersaline microbial mats. Front Microbiol 5:61. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00061
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