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Doabi Punjabi
Native to Doaba, Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab
Region Punjab
Indo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog doab1238
Doabi is in blue

Doabi is a dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named for the region in which it was historically spoken, Doaba [1] (also known as Bist Doab); the word doab means "the land between two rivers" and this dialect was historically spoken in the doab between the Beas River and Sutlej River. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Indian Punjab, including the areas known as the Dona and Manjki; and the Toba Tek Singh and Faisalabad districts of Pakistani Punjab and some regions of una,Himachal Pradesh.[ citation needed]

The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki. [2]

Analysis

The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana district, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Some of the linguistic Linguistic features of the Doabi dialect that separate it from other Punjabi dialects are as below: [3]

Consonants

Consonant Doabi word English translation
p ⟨ਪ/پ /pəl/ ‘moment’ (ਪਲ/پل)
⟨ਫ/پھ /pʰəl/ ‘fruit’ (ਫਲ/پھل)
b ⟨ਬ/ب /baːlɳ / ‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ/بالݨ)
⟨ਤ/ت /taːɾ/ ‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ/تار)
t̪ʰ ⟨ਥ/تھ /tʰaːl/ ‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ/تھال)
⟨ਦ/د /daːl/ ‘pulse’ (ਦਾਲ/دال)
ʈ ⟨ਟ/ٹ /ʈaːl/ ‘pile’ (ਟਾਲ/ٹال)
ʈʰ ⟨ਠ/ٹھ /ʈʰiːk/ ‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ/ٹھیک)
ɖ ⟨ਡ/ڈ /ɖaːk/ ‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ/ڈاک)
t͡ʃʰ ⟨ਛ/چھ /t͡ʃʰəp/ ‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ/چھپ)
d͡ʒ ⟨ਜ/ج /dʒoːk/ leech (ਜੋਕ/جوک)
k ⟨ਕ/ک /kaːɡ/ ‘crow’ (ਕਾਗ/کاگ)
⟨ਖ/کھ /kʰoːl/ ‘open’ (ਖੋਲ/کھول)
ɡ ⟨ਗ/گ /ɡaːɭ/ ‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ਼/گالؕ)
m ⟨ਮ/م /moːɾ/ ‘peacock’ (ਮੋਰ/مور)
n ⟨ਨ/ن /nəɾ/ ‘male’ (ਨਰ/نر)
ɳ* ⟨ਣ/ݨ /ɦoɳ / ‘now’ (ਹੁਣ/ہݨ)
l ⟨ਲ/ل /laːl/ ‘red’ (ਲਾਲ/لال)
ɭ* ⟨ਲ਼/لؕ /koːɭ / ‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼/کولؕ)
(s ⟨ਸ/س) /soɳ / ‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ/سݨ)
(ʃ ⟨ਸ਼/ش) /ʃeːɾ/ ‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ/شیر)
(z ⟨ਜ਼/ز) /zoːɾ/ ‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ/زور)
(f ⟨ਫ਼/ف) /fəslə/ ‘distance’ (ਫ਼ਾਸਲਾ/فاصلہ)
ɦ ⟨ਹ/ح/ہ /ɦoːɾ/ ‘more’ (ਹੋਰ/ہور)
ɾ ⟨ਰ/ر /ɾoːɡ/ ‘disease’ (ਰੋਗ/روگ)
ɽ* ⟨ੜ/ڑ /piːɽ/ ‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ/پِیڑ)

* does not occur word initially

Vowels

Doabi has ten vowels. These are /ə, ɪ, ʊ, aː, ɛː, eː, iː, ɔː, oː, uː/

For example:

Vowel Word Translation
ə ਅੱਖ /əkʰ.kʰ/ 'eye'
ʊ ਉਠ /ʊʈʰ/ ‘awake’
ɪ ਇੱਟ /ɪʈʈ/ ‘brick’
ਆਸ /aːs/ ‘hope’
ɛː ਐਨਕ /ɛːnək/ spectacles’
ਊਠ /uːʈʰ/ ‘camel’
ਸ਼ੇਰ /ʃeːɾ/ ‘lion’
ਅੋ ਮੋਰ /moːɾ/ ‘peacock’
ɔː /ɦɔːl/ ‘fear’
īː ਤੀਰ /tiːɾ/ ‘arrow’

Other suprasegmental phonemes

Tone, stress and nasalization in Doabi are phonemic.

Tone

Three tones are used in Doabi; low, mid and high. For example;

Tone Doabi word English translation
Falling ਭਾ pà ‘rate’
Neutral ਪਾ pa ‘put’
Rising ਪਾਹ pá ‘harsh’

Stress

Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.

Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.

For example:

Doabi word English translation
ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ ‘pitcher’
ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’

Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;

Unstressed Doabi word English translation
s[ clarification needed] satt[ clarification needed] ‘essence’
t[ clarification needed] pata[ clarification needed] ‘address’
Stressed Doabi word English translation
s[ clarification needed] sat[ clarification needed] ‘seven’
tt[ clarification needed] patta[ clarification needed] ‘leaf’

Some basic vocabulary items

Doabi word English translation
ਪੇਅ /peːə/ ‘father’
ਭੈਣ /pɛːɳ/ ‘sister’
ਭਰਾ /pəɾɑː/ ‘brother’
ਸੇਂਅ /sẽə/ ‘apple’
ਝੋੱਨਾ /t͡ʃoːn.nɑː/ ‘paddy’
ਬੱਡਾ /bəɖ.ɖɑː/ ‘elder’

Features

Substituting letters

Doabi's drop the letter "v" at the start of a word and use the letter "b" [4] as in "Vada" (big) to "Bada". They also use the letter "o" elsewhere in a word instead of a "v" as in "Khvab" (dream) to "Khoaab". A distinctive feature of Doabi is the use of the "w" sound. Where "v" appears in the middle of a word in standard Punjabi, Doabis use "w" so that "hava" (wind) becomes "hawa". Also, the vowel "u" is pronounced with an "o". Accordingly, "khush" (happy) becomes "khosh" or "kuht" (to beat) becomes "koht". In Doabi, any word beginning with "i" is pronounced with "e". For example, the word "khich" (to pull) is pronounced as "khech" or the word "vich" (inside) is pronounced as "bech".

Doabis do not use "z" and therefore substitute "j". This is common in the Punjabi language as "z" is not indigenous to the area.

Sentence structure

Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.

Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)

Examples:

Phrase Doabi Standard Punjabi
He is doing Oh kardā ā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆ

اوہ کردا آ

Oh kardā ɛ̀/e*

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ*

اوہ کردا ہے/اے

They are doing Oh karde (y)ā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆ

اوہ کردے آ

Oh karde han

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ

اوہ کردے ہِن

*spoken forms

Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi

Examples:

Phrase Doabi Standard Punjabi
He was doing oh kardā sī/sīgā

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ اوہ کردا سی/سیگا

oh kardā sī

ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ اوہ کردا سی

They were doing oh karde sī/sīge

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ اوہ کردے سی/سیگے

oh karde san

ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi) اوہ کردے سن

You (sing. m.) were doing tũ kardā sī/sīgā

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ توں کردا سی/سیگا

tũ kardā sɛ̃

ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ توں کردا سیں

You (pl.) were doing tusī̃ karde sī/sīge

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ تسی کردے سی/سیگے

tusī̃ karde so

ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ تسی کردے سو

I (m.) was doing mɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ میں کردا سی/سیگا

mɛ̃ kardā sã

ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ میں کردا ساں

We were doing āppā karde sī/sīge

ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ آپاں کردے سی/سیگے

asī̃ karde sã

ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ اسیں کردےساں

Vocabulary

Doabi English Standard Punjabi
ਹੋਊਗਾ "hō'ūgā" Will Happen "hōvēgā"
"bāɽa" Cow shed "havelī"
ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ" Neck "gardan"
"pāḷā or ṭhanḍ" Cold weather "sardī"
"konjī" Key "chābbī"
"gaṭhe" Onions "ganaḍē"
"niāṇe" Children "bacche"
"dekhnā" To See "vekhṇā"
"kardā hɛgā / kardā sī” To Be Doing "kar ría ɛ̀"
"gábbe" Middle "vichkār"
"līre/kappaṛe/talle" Clothes "kappaṛe"
"lītā" Bought "Kharīdi'ā"

See also

References

  1. ^ "Punjabi University, Patiala". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
  2. ^ Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal
  3. ^ "Chapter-III". Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  4. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-11-26.{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link)