T. ophioglossoides falls under the morphological category of
earth tongue fungi. Its
sporocarps are 2–8 centimetres (3⁄4–3+1⁄4 in) long, clavate and simple or rarely branched.
Rhizomorphs attach the fruiting body to its host.[8]
Similar species
It is similar to species within the genus including T. capitatum. Other earth tongues typically lack distinctive bumps.[9]
Distribution and habitat
Its geographical distribution is throughout the
Northern Hemisphere.[8] It fruits in late summer and fall, often under oak or pine trees because Elaphomyces, its host, prefers those tree species.[8]
In
traditional Chinese medicine, T. ophioglossoides is used as an herbal remedy of hot temperature (sharing phylogenetic branch, genetic material and habitat with other species of that classification)[11] for relieving postmenopausal syndrome in women.[12][13][14]
The
mycelium of T. ophioglossoides may protect humans from
Alzheimer's disease.[15] Production of intracellular
polysaccharides in T. ophioglossoides may explain its medicinal
antioxidant properties, used to fight menopause symptoms and neurodegenerative disease.[16]
Model organism
T. ophioglossoides has also been used as a
model organism to understand genetic mechanisms that drive transitions from parasitism on insects to truffles. In the lab,
secondary metabolite core genes are upregulated when T. ophioglossoides is grown on insect cuticles, but downregulated when grown on species of the genus
Elaphomyces.[12]
Bioactive compounds
Because of its beneficial medicinal properties, scientists have begun to conduct research on the genes of T. ophioglossoides to understand secondary metabolite synthesis. T. ophioglossoides produces most notably peptaibiotics and
balanol.
T. ophioglossoides produces peptaibiotics via
nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Peptaibiotics have antibiotic and antifungal properties.[17]
Balanol is a
protein kinase inhibitor which inhibits cancer cells from growing in humans[18] and affects other human disease states, including central nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes,
asthma and
HIV. T. ophioglossoides has been cultured with genetic modification to produce balanol at higher concentrations.[13]
A novel nontoxic form of
arsenic called Arsenocholine-O-sulfate has been found within the body of T. ophioglossoides in significant amounts. The functionality of Arsenocholine-O-Sulfate in T. ophioglossoides is unknown. It is unclear whether T. ophioglossoides takes up Arsenocholine-O-Sulfate as a byproduct of uptaking choline-O-sulfate, a compound used as for sulfate storage and as an
osmolyte, whether it takes up AC-O-Sulfate for a biological function, or whether it synthesizes Arsenocholine-O-Sulfate internally.[19]