This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

vehicles stopped at a red traffic signal on Second Avenue in Manhattan
Traffic waits at a red signal on Second Avenue in Manhattan (2007)

In New York City, a planned congestion pricing scheme will charge vehicles traveling into or within the central business district of Manhattan. First proposed in 2007, this disincentivizing fee to cut down on traffic congestion and pollution was approved and included in the 2019 New York state government budget by the New York State Legislature. As of February 2023, congestion pricing is scheduled to be implemented in the second quarter of 2024. When the congestion charge goes into effect, tolls will be collected electronically and will vary depending on the time of day, type of vehicle, and whether a vehicle has an E-ZPass toll transponder.

Since the early 20th century, there have been several proposals for traffic congestion fees or limits for vehicles traveling into or within the Manhattan central business district. A recurring proposal was adding tolls to all crossings of the East River, which separates New York City's Manhattan borough from the city's boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. In the 1970s, after New York City was deemed to be in violation of the Clean Air Act, Mayor John Lindsay proposed limiting cars in Lower Manhattan and tolling all crossings of the East River, but ultimately withdrew the proposal. Lindsay's successor Abraham Beame subsequently opposed the tolling scheme. Beame's successor Ed Koch attempted to restore limits on vehicles entering Manhattan, but the federal government preempted his plan. New York City was judged to be compliant with the Clean Air Act in 1981, and through the 1980s and 1990s, other proposals to limit congestion in Manhattan's business district stagnated.

A congestion pricing scheme was proposed in 2007 by Mayor Michael Bloomberg as a component of PlaNYC, his strategic plan for the city. However, the proposal stalled in the New York State Assembly. In response to the 2017 New York City transit crisis of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), Governor Andrew Cuomo proposed a plan similar to Bloomberg's that would take advantage of open road tolling technology and provide a revenue stream for the MTA. In 2019, following another two years of negotiation, Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio agreed to implement congestion pricing in order to stem the ongoing transit crisis. Federal officials gave final approval to the plan in June 2023; due to various delays, the rollout had been postponed several times.

Early plans

A gridlocked intersection in Manhattan

Plans for reducing vehicular traffic in New York City's central business districts, as well as adding tolls to crossings into Manhattan, date to the early 20th century. In particular, many proposals involved adding tolls to the Brooklyn, Manhattan, Williamsburg, and Queensboro Bridge across the East River, which separates Long Island from the island of Manhattan. These bridges originally had tolls, but these were removed before the Great Depression. [1] In 1933, in the midst of the Depression, the New York City Comptroller proposed reinstating tolls on the bridges in order to raise money for the city. [2] This received opposition from residents of Brooklyn and Queens, in western Long Island, because the four free bridges were the only means of traveling freely to and from Long Island. [3] Civic groups also opposed the proposal. [4] In June 1933, Mayor John P. O'Brien acquiesced to a plan to charge city residents annual fees for any vehicles they owned, and to add a surcharge to all taxi trips. Out-of-town residents would pay tolls to cross the East and Harlem Rivers on the east side of Manhattan; since motorists already paid tolls to cross the Hudson River on the west side of Manhattan, this plan would have effectively created a congestion charge to enter and exit Manhattan. [5] Several groups came together to protest against O'Brien's proposal, [6] and his successor Fiorello H. La Guardia canceled O'Brien's proposed traffic fees when he entered office the next year. [7]

In 1952, city planner Goodhue Livingston suggested that tolls be added on the four free East River bridges in order to fund the New York City Subway. [8] By 1966, New York City Mayor John Lindsay was considering implementing tolls on all East River crossings, as well as raising prices on existing tolled crossings. [9] In 1968, an outgoing member of the then-new Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which controlled New York City's transit system as well as the city's tolled crossings, suggested adding tolls to the East River crossings in order to encourage mass transit use. [10] The proposal was brought up again in 1971. [11]

In the early 1970s, the office of Mayor Lindsay experimented with limiting and banning private cars in downtown Manhattan following federal pressure to improve city air quality. [12] His original proposal, to ban noncommercial midday traffic in Manhattan's Financial District, was reduced to a parking ban at the request of business executives. The parking ban, announced in September 1970, affected a triangular 50-block area south of Fulton Street [13] and upset truckers and merchants who worked in the area. [12] A later transportation commissioner said that the plans were fashionable [but] unfeasible due to unexamined commerce relationships and lack of preemptive buy-in from merchants. Lindsay's future proposals were restricted in scale. [12]

In 1970, the government enacted the Clean Air Act, a series of federal air pollution regulations. Since New York City was in violation of these new regulations, it was given until 1975 to be compliant; this was later pushed back to 1977 after the state was given a 2-year delay in implementing the standards. [14] Mayor Lindsay and the federal Environmental Protection Agency developed a plan to collect tolls on twelve free bridges across the Harlem and East Rivers, banning midtown parking, and significantly reducing the number of parking spaces south of 59th Street. [15] They also proposed to retrofit air filtering devices on cars entering New York City's main business districts. [14] The successive mayor, Abraham Beame, refused to implement the plan, even after federal order in 1975, but environmentalists received a court order in 1976 to proceed with implementation. [16] Congress forbade the bridge tolls and taxi restrictions went into effect; the parking ban was the most controversial and consequential aspect of the act, [15] and its forced implementation was poorly executed. [17] In April 1977, Beame's administration released a report that opposed the addition of tolls, [18] a proposal that future Mayor Michael Bloomberg's congestion pricing plan would address thirty years later. [19] The report supported a bill in the New York State Legislature that, if passed, would permanently ban tolls on the East River bridges. [18] Although such a plan would generate revenue for the city, [20] the administration concluded that tolling the free crossings would cause congestion and pollution without enticing drivers to use public transportation. [18] The state departments of environment and transportation concurred with Beame's position, and in a May 1977 report, recommended that tolls not be enacted, despite the fact that the pollution standards had yet to be met. [21]

An intersection in Midtown Manhattan

Mayor Ed Koch too explored possibilities for a ban on private cars in 1979, only permitting mass transit, delivery, and emergency vehicles. [12] In January of that year, the state unveiled another plan for reducing emissions in the New York City area, with the goal of being in compliance with the Clean Air Act by December 1982. As part of the state's plan, transit fares would be kept low, while passenger cars would undergo emissions tests every year. [22] The same June, passenger vehicles were banned from traveling along 49th and 50th Streets in Midtown Manhattan during weekdays. [23] According to the city's transportation commissioner, this had the intended effect of reducing traffic. [12] The next year, Koch's office sought to ban single-occupancy cars from the East River bridges during weekday morning rush hour, but the State Supreme Court ruled that the city did not have that authority. [24] Other actions, such as bicycle and bus lanes, a reduction in parking spaces, and automobile inspections, were left in place. In 1981, the national administration deemed New York City in compliance with the federal air pollution regulations after a decade of noncompliance. Carbon monoxide levels decreased over the decade with improvements in car emissions. The number of cars inbound to Manhattan continued to rise and vehicle exhaust remained the top source of pollution in New York City. [24]

Bloomberg's 2008 proposal

On December 12, 2006, Mayor Bloomberg announced his goals for long-term sustainability through the year 2030. [25] On April 22, 2007 ( Earth Day), PlaNYC 2030 was unveiled. [26] Along with transportation initiatives, the plan outlined steps to clean up brownfields, create affordable housing, utilize open spaces, provide cleaner and more reliable and efficient energy sources, improve water quality and infrastructure, achieve cleaner air quality, and address climate change issues. [26] The transportation initiatives support greater use of mass transit through various improvements and additions to transit infrastructure and services. In addition, the initiatives also include increased use of cycling, expanded ferry services, increased traffic violation enforcement, and installations of Muni Meters and an intelligent transportation system. [26] Of the 16 proposed transportation initiatives in PlaNYC, the congestion pricing program is the only component that has to be approved by the New York State Legislature with financial support from the State; [27]: 33, 150  the remainder is within New York City's or its regional jurisdiction and is to be funded by a new Sustainable Mobility and Regional Transportation Financing Authority, [27]: 163  which would also take in revenue from the congestion fees, estimated at $380 million. [28] [27]: 150 

New York City applied to be part of the United States Department of Transportation's Urban Partnership Program, which would allocate money to cities that were willing to fight urban traffic congestion through toll roads, express bus services or bus rapid transit, remote work, or technologies designed for the purpose. [29] In June 2007, United States Secretary of Transportation Mary Peters said that out of the nine finalist cities applying for the program, New York City was the farthest along in its traffic reduction planning and the city was eligible for up to $500 million for funding the congestion pricing plan. [28] Since the final funding decision would be announced in August, Peters wrote in a letter to Governor Eliot Spitzer that if state approval was not met by July 16, "it is unlikely that New York City would be selected." [30] Although a commitment was not established by that date, on July 19, the State legislature approved the creation of a 17-member commission that would study different plans to reduce traffic in the city, including congestion pricing. [31] Signed by Spitzer on July 27, the bill authorized New York to apply for at least $200 million in federal funds. [32]

On August 14, 2007, the U.S. Department of Transportation awarded from the Urban Partnership program $354 million to New York City. It was the largest of the five grants awarded to cities, which included San Francisco, King County, Washington ( Seattle), the Minneapolis area, and Miami. [33] Only $10.4 million was allocated for launching the congestion pricing program and $2 million for research. The rest of the grant funded transportation infrastructure and services: $213.6 million to improve and build new bus depots, $112.7 million to develop bus rapid transit routes, and $15.8 million for expanded ferry services. [34] [35] The idea of congestion pricing was endorsed by Spitzer, [28] Senate Majority Leader Joseph Bruno, [30] and other New York City politicians, such as City Council Speaker Christine Quinn, [32] Manhattan Borough President Scott Stringer, [36] and Representative Joseph Crowley of Queens and the Bronx, [37] as well as the U.S. Department of Transportation. Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver and other politicians expressed skepticism about the plan, raising several questions about its viability, its environmental effects on neighborhoods bordering the congestion zone, the lack of state control in Bloomberg's proposal, and what they believed to be a regressive tax on some commuters. [38] [39]

Components

Bloomberg's proposal cited comparable congestion pricing in London, Singapore and Stockholm. [27]: 142  [40] New York City's was to be a three-year pilot program, at the end of which the City and State would decide if the program should be made permanent. [27]: 150  Upon final legislative approval, the program could be put into effect within 18 months. [28]

A toll booth for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel
A toll booth for the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel, which would have been one of the entrances into the congestion pricing zone. Drivers going into the congestion zone would have paid the difference between the tunnel toll and the congestion zone toll. [19]

The proposed congestion pricing zone was defined as the island of Manhattan, bordered by the East and Hudson Rivers south of 60th Street. The northern border of the congestion zone was originally slated to be 86th Street, but this changed after the commission's recommendation released on January 10, 2008. [41] Exempted roadways within the zone include the FDR Drive, New York Route 9A ( West Side Highway and Henry Hudson Parkway included), the Battery Park Underpass, and the East River bridges ( Queensboro Bridge, Williamsburg Bridge, Manhattan Bridge and Brooklyn Bridge) and their approaches. A free route from the East River bridges to the FDR Drive and from the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels to Route 9A would be designated. [27]: 143–144  Drivers who use toll crossings to or from the zone (e.g. Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and Queens-Midtown Tunnel) would be charged the difference between the toll and the congestion charge. [19]

The charge would have applied on weekdays from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Proposed fees would have been $8 for cars and commercial vehicles and $21 for trucks entering from outside the zone. Transit buses, emergency vehicles, taxis and for-hire vehicles, and vehicles with disabled parking plates would not have been charged the fee. Taxi and livery trips that begin, end or touch the zone would have had a $1 surcharge. Vehicles would have been charged only once per day. [27]: 143–144 

Operations for monitoring vehicles within the congestion zone will be barrier-free and includes E-ZPass transponders and a license plate recognition system that involves cameras. The system for monitoring congestion pricing will be made separate from existing red-light camera systems. Drivers would be able to pay by a debit from their E-ZPass account or a debit from a pre-paid non-E-ZPass account linked to the vehicle's license plate number. For drivers without traffic payment accounts, they would have 48 hours to pay via phone, the Internet, text messaging, or cash transactions at participating retailers. [27]: 143–144 

Reaction

The Campaign for New York's Future supported congestion pricing throughout the political discussion. They argued that the plan would reduce road congestion, shorten commutes, reduce air pollution, and raise funds for long-term mass transit upgrades. [42] [43] The Tri-State Transportation Campaign, a member of the Campaign for New York's Future, released an analysis of Census data showing that the vast majority (approximately 93–99%) of workers in the MTA service area, and in individual legislative districts, did not drive to work in Manhattan. TSTC stated that the data showed that congestion pricing was progressive policy. [44]

Several other entities, including the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), the Partnership for New York City, and the New York League of Conservation Voters, supported the proposed congestion pricing. [42] The MTA, in particular, would have benefited from the proposal; its accelerated Capital Plan for 2008–2013 details transit investments that revenue from congestion pricing would have paid for. [45] These include 44 subway station rehabilitations, increased bus service, new Select Bus Service bus rapid transit in all 5 boroughs, $40 million for suburban park and ride facilities, Metro-North and LIRR station rehabilitations, LIRR third track work, East Side Access, Second Avenue Subway, and Fulton Center. [46] [43]

An August 2007, Quinnipiac University poll found that New York City voters opposed the plan 57% to 36%. Most of the opposition came from the outer boroughs, which, with the exception of the Bronx, would lose their toll-free access under the plan. On the other hand, 58% of voters would support the plan if the funds were used toward improving mass transit. [47] In a subsequent poll conducted in November 2007, the opposition rate had risen to 61%, while support had fallen to 33% [48] A third poll taken in March 2008 found that New York City voters supported congestion pricing by a margin of 67 percent to 27 percent if the money were used for mass transit improvements, and statewide voters supported the plan 60% to 30%, although the majority of New Yorkers surveyed had been unaware that a $1 taxi surcharge was included in the plan. Then-presidential candidate Barack Obama, multiple city and state legislators, and community leaders openly expressed support for the plan. [49]

New York State Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver, who represented the Financial District of Manhattan, opposed the plan, citing several issues. Since motorists would want to avoid the congestion pricing zone, he claimed they would choose to park in neighborhoods just outside the pricing zone, in turn creating massive traffic jams and add more traffic and pollution to those neighborhoods. [50] Silver also stated that because the plan would reduce traffic in Manhattan's central business district but not necessarily elsewhere, neighborhoods with high asthma rates such as Harlem, the South Bronx, and Bedford-Stuyvesant would not benefit. [50] The installation of cameras for tracking purposes might have raised civil liberties concerns. [28] [36] However, Silver did not oppose the entire plan, and said he would continue to work toward an agreement. [39] [50] Other opponents argued that the pricing could become a tax on middle- and lower-class residents, since those citizens would be affected the most financially. [39] [51] At the same time, higher-income commuters would not be turned off by paying the charges; thus the fee would not do much to discourage traffic into the congestion area. [51] The Queens Chamber of Commerce released a report that concluded that implementing congestion pricing would cause a net reduction in the number of people going into Manhattan's central business district each day. The report stated that the congestion pricing plan could cost the city $1.89 billion per year in economic losses. [52]

In response to many of these issues, Bloomberg argued that a significant percentage of commuters would switch to public transportation, and most likely for all of their commute; thus cars would be taken off the road outside the Central Business District as well as within it. John Gallagher, a Bloomberg spokesman, also said that " toll shopping", a tendency for drivers to seek toll-free routes, will end as all commuters who go to the congestion zone will have to pay tolls. [39] [50]

On July 9, 2007, Assemblyman Richard Brodsky issued a report that called the proposal thoughtful and bold, but expressing skepticism on points including financial fairness and environmental impact. Brodsky called the proposal a "regressive tax" on the poor and middle class and harmful to citizens of New York City's outer boroughs. [53] The report mentioned several insufficiently studied alternatives, though it did not recommend any of them. These alternatives included road space rationing; better traffic enforcement; time-of day pricing on mass transit; taxes on gasoline, payroll, commuting, or stock transfers; and fees on city parking permits [54]

Keep NYC Congestion Tax Free, a coalition of about 80 civic, business and labor organizations and businesses throughout the New York metropolitan area, proposed alternative traffic mitigation measures that were cheaper and had less impact. The group stated that these measures would raise between $428 million and $545 million in annual incidental revenues, and that this revenue would also qualify for the federal grant. [55]: 3  It also recommended revenue measures that would raise nearly $1.8 billion to mass transit projects to induce less driving through better transit service. [55] : 2 

Vote on proposal

On January 31, 2008, the New York City Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission approved a plan for congestion pricing, which was passed by a vote of 13 to two. Some changes over Mayor Bloomberg's original proposal were introduced, such as reducing the congestion zone, no charges for vehicles which stay within the zone, and a discount for low-emission trucks. The commission estimated that revenues from the congestion charge would generate $491 million a year, which would be committed to improve and expand the region's mass transit. [56] [57] The proposal was approved by the New York City Council on March 31, 2008, by a vote of 30 to 20. [58] The only "No" votes came from Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island. Brooklyn and Queens strongly opposed the bill in the City Council, voting against it by a margin of nearly two to one; both boroughs, which are located on Long Island, become geographically isolated without access to free bridges as Manhattan and the Bronx block their access to the mainland. [59]

Another alternative considered by the commission, and promoted by Assemblyman Richard Brodsky, was to restrict access into the congestion zone one day a week based on the last digits of the license plates. [60] This sort of road space rationing system is currently practiced in two of the world's Top 10 megacities, São Paulo and Mexico City. Bloomberg's plan was endorsed by the then new Governor David Paterson, whose support was considered key to approving the bill in Albany. [61]

The deadline to approve the plan by the State Assembly was April 7, 2008, for the city to be eligible to receive US$354 million in federal assistance for traffic congestion relief and mass transit improvements. [62] On April 7, 2008, after a closed-door meeting, the Democratic Conference of the State Assembly decided not to vote on the proposal. "The opposition was so overwhelming,...that he would not hold an open vote of the full Assembly," said Sheldon Silver, the Assembly Speaker. [59] [63] Afterwards, the USDOT announced that they will seek to allocate those funds to relief traffic congestion in other cities. [59] Shortly thereafter, most of the federal grant that was to have gone to New York City was instead awarded to Chicago for bus-only lanes and more buses, [64] as well as to Los Angeles for high-occupancy toll lanes. [65]

Coincidentally, by July 2008, gasoline prices of over $ a gallon caused a five percent drop in vehicle trips into lower Manhattan. The decrease confirmed the plan's premise that higher driving costs would in fact reduce congestion. However, at the same time, the gas price increase temporarily rendered the congestion pricing plan unnecessary, at least while fuel prices stayed high. [66]

2015 proposal

Move NY, a 2015 proposal by former Traffic Commissioner Sam Schwartz, incorporates congestion pricing for central Manhattan. It creates incentives to travel around, rather than through, Manhattan. These incentives included the creation of a congestion-priced central business district below 60th Street, where drivers had to pay an $8 cash toll or a $5.54 E-ZPass toll to enter the area. The four free East River bridges, all located below 60th Street, would charge tolls, while outer-borough crossings such as the Throgs Neck Bridge would see reduced tolls. Tolls would also be charged within Manhattan for all drivers traveling below 60th Street. The proposal would raise an estimated $1.5 billion annually, of which 75 percent would go to the MTA and 25% to the New York City Department of Transportation. [67] The borough president of Queens, Melinda Katz, opposed the proposal. [68] Bills to implement Move NY were introduced at the state level in 2016, but the legislation never passed. [69]

2017 proposal

As complaints about the city subway's delays and disrepair reached a fever pitch in summer 2017, Governor Andrew Cuomo drafted a congestion pricing proposal with lessons from Bloomberg's handling of the State Legislature. Despite having earlier doubted such a plan's viability, Cuomo described congestion pricing as "an idea whose time has come". [70] London and Stockholm had implemented the concept successfully. Cuomo's plan is expected to differ significantly from Bloomberg's proposal. Its primary intent is to raise funds for city transit and reduce street gridlock, while balancing suburban commuter considerations. The New York Times reflected that Bloomberg's 2008 proposal, which would have raised US$500 million annually, could have rectified infrastructure issues and emergency repair schedule affecting the subway in 2017. [70] The plan could be implemented through open road tolling, which records E-ZPass transponders and license plates without forcing the vehicles to slow down significantly, thus increasing vehicle throughput. This would coincide with MTA Bridges and Tunnels' ongoing project to convert all of its crossings from a tollbooth-based system to an open road tolling system. This was in contrast to the circumstances during Bloomberg's tenure, when open road tolling was not widely used yet. [71] At the time, New York City had the third worst traffic congestion of any city worldwide, behind Moscow and Los Angeles. [72]

In October 2017, [73] the New York State Government created a task force, Fix NYC, to find solutions for fixing mass transit and lowering congestion. [74] The task force was assigned to study traffic on New York City's roadways and report its findings to Cuomo by December. [73] Fix NYC included congestion pricing advocates such as Sam Schwartz, Charles Komanoff, and Alex Matthiessen, who had supported the congestion-pricing proposal even after Bloomberg's plan had been defeated. [74]

Initial recommendations

The FDR Drive would be one of the few roadways exempted from a congestion charge

In December 2017, as part of its report, Fix NYC recommended implementing tolls based on time of day and geographical zone. Cars would pay up to US$11.52, trucks would pay up to US$25.34, and taxis would pay a US$2 to US$5 surcharge per trip if these vehicles drove into Manhattan's central business district during rush hours. Under the task force's plan, the only drivers who would be able to avoid a toll would be those who cross the Brooklyn Bridge or Queensboro Bridge and then immediately exit onto the FDR Drive once they reach Manhattan. [75]

Final components

A congestion pricing proposal in March 2019 was ultimately passed on April 1 as part of the New York State Budget. While there were few details about the proposal, it would include the entire island of Manhattan south of 60th Street, except for the FDR Drive and West Side Highway, as well as the Battery Park Underpass connecting the two highways. Vehicles would be tolled only once per day. [76] [77]

As part of the law, the Central Business District Tolling Program would be planned by, implemented by and operated by the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority. The TBTA board will institute a "traffic mobility review" board, which will consist of a chair and five members, who will be appointed by the TBTA board. One of the members will be recommended by the New York City Mayor, one will live in the Metro-North region, and one will live in the Long Island Rail Road region. This board will recommend the toll amounts between November 15, 2020, and December 31, 2020, or no later than 30 days before the implementation of the tolling program. A public hearing will be held before the board's vote. In the event of a tie, the chair will be given an additional vote. [78]

The board will recommend an amount that provides a minimum of $15 billion in funding for the MTA's 2020-2024 Capital Program, not including the costs of the tolling program. This funding will be put into the central business district tolling capital lockbox fund. The majority of the funds, 80%, would be used for the Staten Island Railway, New York City Subway, and MTA Regional Bus Operations, while 10% each would be given to the Long Island Rail Road and Metro-North Railroad. The traffic mobility review board will also be granted the power to review the MTA's Capital Program. [78] The board will also recommend tolling exemptions, which will be determined by a traffic study of their impact. Authorized emergency vehicles and qualifying vehicles transporting people with disabilities will not be charged the toll. A plan to address charges on for-hire vehicles will be implemented by the TBTA. [78]

The TBTA, in conjunction with the NYCDOT, will report on the effects of the tolling program, such as traffic congestion, air quality and emissions, mass transit ridership, and expenditures a year after the implementation of the plan, and every two years afterwards. [78]

The exemption of the West Side Highway and the credit given to drivers using the Henry Hudson Bridge and heading into the congestion zone were added to the plan on March 31, 2019. Electrical toll-taking equipment will have to be installed at the more than 30 exits into the cordon from the West Side Highway, at the 11 exits from the FDR Drive, and at the eight avenues that delineate the northern boundary of the congestion zone at 59th Street/Central Park South. [a] Sam Schwartz suggested enforcing the West Side Highway exemption by process of elimination to reduce the cost of the toll readers. [79] The law also exempted people living in the congestion zone who make less than $60,000 a year by deducting the cost of the tolls from their tax bills. [80]

On March 28, 2019, the TBTA issued a request for technology (RFT) for alternate ways to implement the congestion pricing tolling. Options the TBTA included in the RFT are roadside bluetooth readers, connected vehicle technology, smartphone applications, and Global Navigation Satellite System based tolling. [81]

Reaction

As with the Bloomberg proposal, Queens politicians still opposed Cuomo's proposal because it would potentially add tolls to the remaining free crossings over the East River. [82] David Weprin, a New York State Assemblyman representing parts of Queens, called it "an additional tax on people who drive into Manhattan, often not wealthy people, but middle-class people". He said that much of Queens and many parts of Brooklyn had little access to mass transit, and that disabled residents from all boroughs would also be negatively affected because the subway was generally not accessible to people with disabilities. [83] Bloomberg's successor, Bill de Blasio, also initially opposed congestion pricing. Instead, de Blasio proposed a tax on wealthy residents to fund the subway, even though a similar tax for universal prekindergarten had previously failed in the state legislature. [70] He also clarified that he opposed Cuomo's plan because his tax on millionaires would be more effective in raising money. De Blasio's opposition came as some of his supporters in the 2017 mayoral election announced support for the plan, including the Working Families Party and Union Local 32BJ. [84] Later in August 2017, it was clarified that de Blasio did not oppose congestion pricing specifically, and that his office was to look at any congestion pricing proposal by Cuomo's administration. [85]

In May 2018, New York gubernatorial election candidate Cynthia Nixon proposed implementing both Cuomo's congestion pricing proposal and de Blasio's "millionaire tax", as well as a third proposal to levy fines on companies that pollute in the state. Nixon, a Democratic primary challenger to Cuomo, stated that all three proposals could be used to raise money for maintaining the city's subway system. [86]

Many residents of Brooklyn and Queens opposed Cuomo's congestion pricing proposal because they would be forced to pay a toll to drive to Manhattan. These residents, in turn, had to drive because they lived too far from subway stations. Supporters included Uber, which was planning to begin a "six-figure" advertising campaign in support of congestion pricing in January 2018. [87] The same month, the Tri-State Transportation Campaign released a report in support of congestion pricing. It found that in most New York State Assembly districts within the city, drivers tended to have higher incomes than mass-transit commuters, and that less than 10 percent of drivers from every district drove into the proposed congestion pricing area. However, Assemblyman Weprin said that this data was misleading since it did not take into account irregularly scheduled trips to Manhattan, such as for doctor's visits. [83] New Jersey residents also criticized the plan, since there was a possibility that they could be charged twice. This was in response to speculation that the Holland Tunnel and Lincoln Tunnel tolls may be incorporated into the congestion pricing fee, because they entered Manhattan within the congestion pricing zone, while the toll of the George Washington Bridge may likely not be included since it was outside of the zone. [88] [89]

A writer for Slate Magazine lauded the proposed charge, saying that it was "miraculously and inexplicably free" to drive a private car around Manhattan, and comparing it to the several-thousand-dollar average monthly rents for real estate in the borough. [90] Two Pew Research studies conducted in 2018 and 2019 showed that a majority of many demographic groups, in all geographic areas, endorsed congestion pricing. [76] Additionally, in January 2019, a study by Siena College Research Institute found that up to 52% of New York state registered voters supported congestion pricing. [91] [92] Opposition to congestion pricing declined from 44% in January 2018 to 39% in January 2019. [76]

2019 approval

Initial plans and delays

The congestion toll was not included in the state budget that was passed in March 2018. However, a surcharge was levied on taxi, for-hire, and ride-share trips in Manhattan below 96th Street. This consisted of a $2.50 fee for each taxi trip in that area, a $2.75 fee for each privately operated for-hire trip in that area, and a $0.75 fee per rider for each ride-share trip in that area. [93]

In a State of the State Address in January 2019, Cuomo announced another state budget, which would provisionally include congestion pricing. [94] [95] The following month, Cuomo and de Blasio jointly announced a plan that outlined ten steps to fix MTA operations. One of these steps called for enacting a form of congestion pricing by December 2020, a plan that both men agreed on for the first time. The revenue would go into a so-called lock box that could only be used by the MTA. [96] [97] [98] In March 2019, Cuomo's congestion pricing plan was again included in the 2019 New York state budget, though specific details still had to be outlined. [99] [100] The plan was approved at the end of the month, though such a fee would not go into effect until 2021 at the earliest. [76] [77] [101] This made New York City the first city in the United States to enact congestion pricing. [102] [103] A "Streets Master Plan", announced in October 2019, would impose a congestion fee at the end of 2020 and speed installation of bus and bicycle lanes. [104] The congestion fee had to be approved by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) because some federal roads would be covered by the charge. News outlets reported in February 2020 that the congestion fee could potentially be blocked by the federal government of the United States, due to disagreements between Cuomo and U.S. president Donald Trump. [105] [106]

The COVID-19 pandemic in New York City resulted in a decline in use of the New York City Subway between March and June 2020. Following the city's partial reopening in June, a mayoral panel projected that many people would choose to drive, for fear that taking mass transit would expose them to COVID-19, and studied congestion pricing as a solution to lessen road traffic. [107] However, the federal government had still not acted. [108] Janno Lieber, then the MTA's Chief Development Officer, said in July 2020 that congestion pricing could be delayed until 2022 because it would take one year to install the required infrastructure even after federal approval. [109] [110] By November 2020, the MTA reported that the continued delays could postpone the start of congestion pricing to 2023. Upon implementation, the revenue could be used to pay off pandemic-related deficits in the MTA's budget. [111] [112]

Federal review

With the inauguration of Joe Biden as U.S. president in 2021, transit officials expressed optimism that the Biden administration would allocate funding to congestion pricing. Pete Buttigieg, the U.S. secretary of transportation, prioritized the congestion pricing plan that February. [113] [114] [115] In March 2021, the federal government gave the MTA permission to conduct an environmental assessment. [116] [117] Eric Adams, who won the June 2021 New York City Democratic mayoral primary, also expressed his support for congestion pricing. [118] As part of the federal government's approval of an environmental assessment, the MTA was obligated to discuss the plans with officials from Connecticut and New Jersey, as residents of these states would be affected by the plans. By mid-July, the MTA had only conducted one meeting with Connecticut officials and none with New Jersey officials. [119]

MTA officials had publicly stated in mid-2021 that the agency was earning enough from state taxes to pay for its capital upgrades and that it did not need congestion pricing funds for its 2020–2024 Capital Program. [120] In response, de Blasio pressured the MTA to speed the implementation of congestion pricing, expressing his intention to have the surcharge in place by July 2022. [121] [122] In August 2021, New Jersey congressmen Josh Gottheimer and Jeff Van Drew proposed legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives, which would prohibit the MTA from obtaining some federal grants unless an exemption to the congestion-pricing plan was given to New Jersey drivers. [123] [124] The same month, the FHWA approved environmental assessment and public outreach for the congestion pricing plan, which was expected to take 16 months. [125] [126] Cuomo's resignation as governor that month also raised some uncertainty about the future of the congestion-pricing plan, as his successor Kathy Hochul had not committed to upholding congestion pricing. [127] [128] If the plan did receive federal approval, contractor TransCore was required to install toll equipment within 310 days. [127] [129]

The MTA held its first hearings on the congestion pricing plan on September 23, 2021. While prices had not yet been determined, the MTA's deputy chief operating officer said that drivers of passenger vehicles with E-ZPass would likely pay between $9 and $23 during peak hours, while toll-by-mail drivers would likely pay between $14 and $35. Drivers of trucks and other vehicle classes would pay a different fee. Vehicles would be charged once per day, and tolls during off-peak or overnight hours would likely be less, though the exact toll prices would depend on how many exemptions would be distributed. [130] [131] The MTA proposed that, for drivers with E-ZPass, off-peak tolls would range from $7 to $17, while overnight tolls would range from $5 to $12. [132] The MTA had promised exemptions to emergency vehicles and disabled-rider transport, and it was also proposing a tax credit for low-income residents in the congestion pricing zone. [133] In March 2022, the federal government requested that the MTA answer 430 questions about the technical aspects of the congestion charge before the MTA submitted the plan for a final public review. [134] Hochul said in June 2022 that the congestion pricing plan would not be implemented for at least another year. [135] The delay in the implementation of congestion pricing also posed issues for other projects, including the second phase of the Second Avenue Subway, which would be partially funded by income from the congestion charge. [136] Neither the MTA nor the federal government were willing to publicly disclose many aspects of the review process. [137]

Opposition and federal approval

Lee Zeldin, who at the time was the Republican nominee in the 2022 New York gubernatorial election, expressed his opposition to the proposal. [138] Public hearings on the proposal were held during the final week of August 2022. [132] According to an analysis by Gottheimer, three-fourths of commenters were opposed to the plan. [139] New Jersey governor Phil Murphy requested that the federal government complete a full environmental impact study of the plan, [140] and several New York City politicians petitioned Hochul to hold a statewide referendum on the congestion-pricing plan. [141] Gottheimer and Mike Lawler introduced legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives in early 2023, which would ban the MTA from using federal funding for its capital projects unless drivers were exempted from all taxes related to the congestion charge. [142] The MTA indicated in February 2023 that it had further postponed the implementation of congestion pricing to the second quarter of 2024. [143]

Congestion pricing gantry on 9th Avenue, late 2023

A 30-day public notice period for the congestion charge began on May 5, 2023, after the U.S. Department of Transportation approved the plan. [144] New Jersey officials continued to fight the project, launching an advertising campaign to fight the plan. [145] Despite this opposition, the Federal Highway Administration gave its final approval on June 26, 2023, allowing the MTA to begin setting toll rates for the proposed congestion zone. [146] According to The New York Times, the congestion fees could be used to pay for new subway signals, additional elevators, new platform screen doors, updated turnstiles, and surveillance cameras. [147] The MTA also planned to use revenue from the congestion charge to reduce pollution in the Bronx. [148] CNBC stated the same year that the congestion charge could raise as much as $15 billion for the MTA. [149] Toll-gantry installation began in mid-July. [150] Opponents protested the plans that August, [151] as the Traffic Mobility Board began considering whether to grant exemptions to certain groups of drivers. [152] The MTA joined the federal government as a co-defendant, [153] while taxi drivers asked Hochul to give them an exemption from the congestion charge. [154] Gottheimer said the charge would hurt small business owners in New York City. [155]

The proposed toll rates were released in late November 2023, [156] [157] and the MTA board approved the toll rates early that December. [158] [159] Following the MTA board's vote, there was to be a 60-day public comment period for the plan. [158] At the end of February 2024, the MTA announced that almost all of the 110 toll gantries had been installed, [160] [161] in advance of the planned implementation of congestion pricing in June 2024. [162] In addition, the agency began hosting four public hearings prior to the MTA board's final vote on the plan. [161]

Lawsuits

The New Jersey government sued the federal government in July 2023 to block the implementation of congestion pricing, [163] [164] with Staten Island officials as co-plaintiffs. [165] Further lawsuits were filed by the mayor of Fort Lee, New Jersey; [166] the United Federation of Teachers labor union and Staten Island borough president Vito Fossella; [167] residents of Manhattan's Lower East Side neighborhood; [168] and small business owners. [169] The MTA placed all of its new construction contracts (including contracts for station accessibility, Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway, and new subway signals) on hold in February 2024, pending the outcome of the lawsuits. [170] [171] Later that month, the MTA provided details of projects and 20,000 jobs that were at risk. [172]

Proposed tolls

The Traffic Mobility Review Board, which was in charge of suggesting tolls for the congestion zone, recommended in November 2023 that the base toll for passenger vehicles be set at $15, which would be capped at once per day. [173] [174] Under the plan, other classes of vehicles would pay up to $36 once per day, while taxis and for-hire vehicles would pay a fee for each trip into the congestion zone, regardless of how many trips they made. [156] [157] [175] Vehicles using the Holland, Lincoln, Hugh L. Carey, and Queens–Midtown tunnels (which already charge a separate toll) could receive credits, or discounts, on the congestion toll. No credits would be provided for vehicles using bridges; for example, drivers using the George Washington Bridge would have to pay both the full bridge toll and the full congestion toll. [175] Drivers would not pay a toll if they stayed on the FDR Drive or West Side Highway. [173]

If implemented, these toll rates would apply during the daytime from 5 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekdays and from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. on weekends; tolls would be reduced by 75 percent during nighttime hours, and no credits would be provided during that time. [156] [175] On "gridlock alert" days, the base tolls could be increased by up to 25 percent. [158] [176] [177] The MTA also reserved the right to change the base tolls by as much as 10 percent for up to a year. [177] In addition, the toll rates for drivers without E-ZPass would be 50 percent more than the E-ZPass rates; [176] for example, passenger vehicles without E-ZPass would be charged $22.50. [178] Low-income residents in the congestion pricing zone would pay the full toll but would receive tax credits to offset part of the tolls' cost. [157] Toll exemptions were limited to a small number of vehicles, including commuter buses, emergency vehicles, specialized government vehicles, and vehicles transporting disabled riders. [179] [180] Another toll exemption, for people with disabilities and for vehicles transporting disabled passengers, was announced in February 2024. [181]

Proposed base tolls (E-ZPass) [175] [b]
Vehicle class Daytime toll [c] Daytime toll at tunnels [d] Nighttime toll
Passenger cars (including those with commercial plates) $15.00 $10.00 $3.75
Motorcycles $7.50 $5.00 $1.87
Commuter buses None None
Small buses and small trucks $24.00 $12.00 $6.00
Large buses and large trucks $36.00 $16.00 $9.00
Taxis $1.25 per trip
For-hire vehicles $2.50 per trip

License plate scanners are placed along each street leading to the congestion zone. The scanners, installed by TransCore, are placed on traffic-light poles and on horizontal arms that hang above the streets. [182] There are also scanners above northbound avenues leading away from the congestion zone, but they are to be used only for tracking vehicles, not for charging tolls. [183] Scanners are mounted above the FDR Drive and West Side Highway to determine whether a vehicle has stayed on these highways without entering the congestion zone. [184] For each vehicle, the scanners look for an E-ZPass device and capture infrared photographs of license plates; the scanners can automatically determine the vehicle type. Infrared scanners were used in place of flash cameras (which are used at MTA Bridges and Tunnels' open road tolling gantries) to prevent light pollution in the surrounding neighborhood. [185]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ There are 11 exits on the FDR Drive south of 60th Street. In addition, York, Second, Lexington, Park, Fifth, Ninth, and Eleventh Avenues, and Broadway carry southbound traffic into the congestion zone.
  2. ^ Rates for vehicles without E-ZPass are 50 percent higher. [176] [178]
  3. ^ 5:00 am to 9:00 pm weekdays; 9:00 am to 9:00 pm weekends. The toll is only charged once per day, except for taxis and for-hire vehicles, which are charged for every trip that enters the congestion zone. [175]
  4. ^ The toll charged at the end of each tunnel is equivalent to the daytime congestion toll minus the crossing credit. This figure does not include the separate toll charged for using the tunnels themselves. [175]

Citations

  1. ^ Chan, Sewell (November 11, 2008). "How East River Bridges Stayed Toll-Free". City Room. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  2. ^ "2-YEAR EMERGENCY PLAN; Bridge Toll and College Fees Also Urged to Restore City Credit. WOULD SEEK R.F.C. LOANS Controller Hopes to Slash 'Dole' by Giving Idle Work on Valuable Projects. SEES RENT AND TAX RELIEF ' We Must Wipe Out Troubles With Cash,' Says Report Up in Estimate Board Today. BERRY URGES TAX ON SUBWAY FARES". The New York Times. May 9, 1933. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  3. ^ "CITY BRIDGE TOLL PLAN FACES A STIFF FIGHT; Queens and Brooklyn Groups to Oppose Untermyer Proposal as Discriminatory". The New York Times. May 28, 1933. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  4. ^ "BRIDGE TOLL PLAN FACES STIFF FIGHT; Opposition to City Tax on Taxi Rides Also Is Expected at Hearing on Wednesday. TAMMANY STRATEGY SEEN Public Protest Likely to Give Reason to Reject Untermyer and Berry Program". The New York Times. May 29, 1933. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  5. ^ "Tax on All Autos in City July 1; Bridge and Taxi Levies Included; Mayor Bans Public Hearing as Revolt Against $30,000,000 Imposts Grows, Saying City Is Economizing to the Limit -- Harvey Joins Queens Aldermen in Bolt. ALL AUTOS IN CITY AFFECTED BY TAX". The New York Times. June 6, 1933. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  6. ^ "CITY-WIDE ATTACK ON AUTO TAX BEGUN; Industries and Civic Groups Act After Warning of Grave Peril to Trade. LEGAL ACTION IS SPEEDED Injunction Suits Planned by Associations -- Citizens Union Joins Fight". The New York Times. June 7, 1933. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  7. ^ Stokes, Harold Phelps (May 6, 1934). "UNTANGLING NEW YORK'S FINANCIAL KNOTS; Definite Progress Has Been Made in Balancing the 1934 Budget, But the Budget of 1935 Presents Great Difficulties". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  8. ^ "Gilhooley Favors Tolls on Bridges to Aid Subways". The New York Times. September 8, 1968. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  9. ^ "NEW BRIDGE TOLLS STUDIED BY CITY; Tunnels Also Considered Albany Approval Needed" (PDF). The New York Times. September 16, 1966. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  10. ^ "Gilhooley Favors Tolls on Bridges to Aid Subways" (PDF). The New York Times. September 8, 1968. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
  11. ^ Witkin, Richard (March 13, 1971). "City Bridge‐Toll Plans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d e Smothers, Ronald (July 17, 1979). "Koch Considers Car Bans to cut Burning of Fuel". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  13. ^ Burks, Edward C. (September 10, 1970). "Lower Manhattan Parking Ban Is Ordered to Ease Congestion". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  14. ^ a b Within, Richard (April 15, 1973). "SHIFT ON EMISSION MAY COST DRIVERS". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Dembart, Lee (June 16, 1977). "Broad Parking Ban in Manhattan Begins as Mayor Yields to Ruling". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  16. ^ Weisman, Steven R. (August 6, 1977). "Beame, U.S. Reach an 'Understanding' on a Parking Ban". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  17. ^ Dembart, Lee (June 18, 1977). "Confusion on No‐Parking Ban". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  18. ^ a b c Ranzal, Edward (April 30, 1977). "Study Opposes Harlem and East River Bridge Tolls". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  19. ^ a b c Newman, Andy (June 9, 2007). "Outside Manhattan, Many Oppose Congestion Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  20. ^ "The Case for Tolls". The New York Times. October 7, 1975. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  21. ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (May 4, 1977). "Despite U.S. Order, 2 State Units Oppose East River Bridge Tolls". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  22. ^ Goldman, Ari L. (January 11, 1979). "AIR POLLUTION PLAN FOR NEW YORK AIMS TO MODIFY 73 EDICT". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  23. ^ Hausner, Edward (June 13, 1979). "Metropolitan Report". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  24. ^ a b Sulzberger, Jr., A. O. (September 15, 1981). "City Drops Proposal to Charge Bridge Tolls". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
  25. ^ "MAYOR BLOOMBERG DELIVERS SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES AND GOALS FOR NEW YORK CITY THROUGH 2030" (Press release). New York City Mayor's Office. December 12, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  26. ^ a b c "MAYOR BLOOMBERG PRESENTS PLANYC: A GREENER, GREATER NEW YORK" (Press release). New York City Mayor's Office. April 22, 2007. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h "New York City Mobility Needs Assessment: 2007–2030" (PDF). PlaNYC 2030. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 12, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  28. ^ a b c d e Hakim, Danny; Rivera, Ray (June 8, 2007). "City Traffic Pricing Wins U.S. and Spitzer's Favor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  29. ^ "Urban Partnership Agreement by and between U.S. Department of Transportation and its New York City Urban Partner". August 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  30. ^ a b Arden, Patrick (June 25, 2007). "Fight not over for traffic fee". Metro New York. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  31. ^ Hakim, Danny (July 19, 2007). "Deal Is at Hand on Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
  32. ^ a b Schuster, Karla (July 27, 2007). "New York lawmakers OK congestion pricing study". Newsday. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  33. ^ "U.S. Secretary of Transportation Names Five Communities to Receive Funding to Help Fight Traffic Congestion" (Press release). United States Department of Transportation. August 14, 2007. Archived from the original on October 29, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  34. ^ Neuman, William (August 15, 2007). "New York to Get U.S. Traffic Aid, but With Catch". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  35. ^ Givens, Ann; James T. Madore (August 15, 2007). "City gets federal grant to explore traffic plan". Newsday. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2007.
  36. ^ a b Confessore, Nicholas (June 9, 2007). "In Legislators' Scrutiny, Traffic Proposal Faces Hard Questioning". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
  37. ^ Rivera, Ray (June 11, 2007). "Queens Leader Supports Bloomberg's Traffic Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 5, 2015. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  38. ^ Nissan, Rita (June 11, 2007). "Assembly Speaker Silver Not Sold on Congestion Pricing Plan". NY1. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  39. ^ a b c d Hakim, Danny (June 12, 2007). "Silver Challenges Health Benefits Promised in Manhattan Toll Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  40. ^ "PlaNYC 2030: A Greener, Greater New York (Transportation)" (PDF). PlaNYC 2030. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2007., p. 88
  41. ^ "Interim Report for Public Comment" (Press release). NYSDOT. January 10, 2008. Archived from the original on December 14, 2012. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
  42. ^ a b "A Deal, of Sorts, on Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  43. ^ a b "MTA Transit Improvements". edf.org. Regional Plan Association. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  44. ^ Tri-State Transportation Campaign. " New Data Proves Congestion Pricing is Progressive Policy Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine," accessed April 2, 2009
  45. ^ "ga3.org". ga3.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
  46. ^ "MTA Capital Program 2008–2013" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 1, 2008. pp. 142–145. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 22, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  47. ^ "New York City Support For Congestion Pricing Slips, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Voters Call Federal Fund Promise Meddling". Quinnipiac University Poll. August 30, 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  48. ^ Chan, Sewell (November 19, 2007). "Is Manhattan Turning Against Congestion Pricing?". City Room. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  49. ^ "Kelly Tops List For New York City Mayor, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds; Voters Back Congestion Pricing, If Funds Go To Transit". Quinnipiac University Poll. March 13, 2008. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  50. ^ a b c d Schuster, Karla and James T. Madore (June 12, 2007). "Silver hits brakes over city traffic plan". Newsday. Archived from the original on September 7, 2009. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  51. ^ a b Dobnik, Verena (June 12, 2007). "NYC Lawmakers Hold Hearing on 'Congestion Pricing' Traffic Plan". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  52. ^ "A Cure Worse than the Disease? How London's "Congestion Pricing" System Could Hurt New York City's Economy" (PDF). nytimes.com. Queens Chamber of Commerce. February 2006. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  53. ^ Brodsky's Congestion Specifics, in New York's Premier Alternative Newspaper. Archived October 8, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  54. ^ Brodsky, Richard L. (July 9, 2007). "Interim Report: An Inquiry into Congestion Pricing as Proposed in PlaNYC 2030 and S.6068" (PDF). nytimes.com. Committee on Corporations, Authorities and Commissions. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  55. ^ a b McCaffrey, Walter (October 24, 2007). "Testimony to the NYC Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission" (PDF). ny.gov. Keep NYC Congestion Tax Free. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  56. ^ William Neuman (February 1, 2008). "State Commission Approves a Plan for Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  57. ^ "Traffic Congestion Mitigation Commission Recommends Congestion Pricing Plan for New York City". Green Car Congress. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  58. ^ Diane Cardwell (April 1, 2008). "City Council Approves Fee to Drive Below 60th". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 18, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  59. ^ a b c Nicholas Confessore (April 8, 2008). "$8 Traffic Fee for Manhattan Gets Nowhere". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2008.
  60. ^ William Neuman (January 25, 2008). "Traffic Panel Members Expecto to Endorse Fees on Cars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  61. ^ Diane Cardwell (March 22, 2008). "Paterson Supports Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
  62. ^ Ken Belson (March 16, 2008). "Importing a Decongestant for Midtown Streets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2008.
  63. ^ Nicholas Confessore (April 7, 2008). "Congestion Pricing Plan Is Dead, Assembly Speaker Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  64. ^ Lee, Jennifer B. (July 6, 2017). "Chicago Gets New York's Congestion Money". City Room. The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  65. ^ (LAC)MTA votes for tolls on some carpool lanes by 2010, accessed May 28, 2008 Archived May 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  66. ^ Neuman, William (July 3, 2008). "Politics Failed, but Fuel Prices Cut Congestion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  67. ^ Barone, Vincent (May 21, 2015). "Move NY pushes for sweeping toll reform legislation". SILive.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  68. ^ Renn, Aaron M. (June 1, 2016). "When New York City tried to ban cars – the extraordinary story of 'Gridlock Sam'". The Guardian. ISSN  0261-3077. Archived from the original on December 15, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
  69. ^ Uda, Rachel (March 13, 2018). "What you need to know about congestion pricing". am New York. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  70. ^ a b c Santora, Marc (August 13, 2017). "Cuomo Calls Manhattan Traffic Plan an Idea 'Whose Time Has Come'". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
  71. ^ Marc Santora (August 25, 2017). "Open-Road Tolls Could Pave the Way for Manhattan Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  72. ^ Walker, Ameena (February 7, 2018). "New York drivers spent an average of 91 hours in traffic last year". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
  73. ^ a b "Governor Cuomo Announces "Fix NYC" Advisory Panel". Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. October 5, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  74. ^ a b Hu, Winnie (November 28, 2017). "New York's Tilt Toward Congestion Pricing Was Years in the Making". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
  75. ^ Dwyer, Jim; Hu, Winnie (January 19, 2018). "Driving a Car in Manhattan Could Cost $11.52 Under Congestion Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  76. ^ a b c d Griswold, Alison (March 31, 2019). "New York's congestion pricing will make it more expensive to drive in Manhattan". Quartz. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  77. ^ a b Plitt, Amy (March 1, 2019). "NYC poised to implement the country's first congestion pricing program". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  78. ^ a b c d "Joint Senate-Assembly budget legislation, 1509c, w non-toll and non-MTA pages excise" (PDF). nyassembly.gov. State of New York. April 1, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  79. ^ Guse, Clayton (April 1, 2019). "West Side Highway exemption will make congestion toll more expensive and complicated, experts say". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  80. ^ Guse, Clayton (March 31, 2019). "Congestion pricing set to pass in New York, but details remain murky". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  81. ^ "Request For Technology -19-65 Congestion Pricing Alternative Technology" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 28, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  82. ^ Barone, Vincent (August 28, 2017). "Free East River bridges should stay that way: Queens pols". am New York. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  83. ^ a b Nir, Sarah Maslin (2018). "Data Shows City Drivers Won't Face the Brunt of Congestion Fees". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
  84. ^ Goodman, J. David (August 21, 2017). "Mayor de Blasio Says He 'Does Not Believe' in Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 23, 2017. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  85. ^ Mamelak, Kayla (August 2017). "Congestion pricing in NYC causes mixed reviews". Fox News. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  86. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (May 31, 2018). "In the Battle Between Cuomo and Nixon, the Subway Becomes a Central Issue". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
  87. ^ Hu, Winnie (December 29, 2017). "For Congestion Pricing Plan, New Support and Steadfast Critics". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  88. ^ "New Jersey commuters fear 'double tax' with New York's congestion pricing plan". ABC7 New York. March 30, 2019. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  89. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (April 16, 2019). "Congestion Pricing Is Coming to New York. New Jersey Wants Revenge". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
  90. ^ Grabar, Henry (January 25, 2018). "New York May Finally, Finally Charge People Who Want to Drive Through Manhattan". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
  91. ^ "Siena College Research Institute: 805 New York State Registered Voters" (PDF). January 6–10, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019. {{ cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help)
  92. ^ Griswold, Alison (March 31, 2019). "New York will be the first US city to charge drivers to enter its busiest areas". Quartz. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  93. ^ Hu, Winnie (March 31, 2018). "Congestion Pricing Falters in New York, Again". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
  94. ^ Vielkind, Jimmy (January 15, 2019). "Gov. Cuomo Proposes Congestion Pricing, Marijuana Legalization in New York Budget". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  95. ^ "Cuomo to propose new congestion pricing plan to fix subways". ABC7 New York. January 14, 2019. Archived from the original on January 16, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2019.
  96. ^ Plitt, Amy (February 26, 2019). "Cuomo, de Blasio unveil plan to 'transform' MTA with congestion pricing, reorganization". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on February 27, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  97. ^ "NY Reveals New Plan to Fix MTA -- With Congestion Pricing". NBC New York. February 26, 2019. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  98. ^ "De Blasio, Cuomo release 10-point plan to fix, fund MTA". ABC7 New York. February 26, 2019. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  99. ^ McKinley, Jesse; Hu, Winnie (March 25, 2019). "Congestion Pricing in Manhattan, First Such Plan in U.S., Is Close to Approval". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  100. ^ Hu, Winnie (March 26, 2019). "Over $10 to Drive in Manhattan? What We Know About the Congestion Pricing Plan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  101. ^ Barone, Vincent (March 1, 2019). "Congestion pricing passes without key details". am New York. Archived from the original on March 31, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  102. ^ "New York City drivers will soon have to pay for the privilege of sitting in traffic". USA TODAY. Associated Press. April 3, 2019. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  103. ^ Wamsley, Laurel (April 2, 2019). "New York Is Set To Be First U.S. City To Impose Congestion Pricing". NPR.org. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  104. ^ Kuntzman, Gersh (October 29, 2019). "AIN'T SEEN NOTHING YET: Johnson's 'Streets Master Plan' is Just a Start". Streetsblog New York City. Archived from the original on October 31, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  105. ^ Bascome, Erik (February 19, 2020). "How federal government could delay NYC's congestion pricing plan". silive. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  106. ^ Goldbaum, Christina; Hu, Winnie (February 25, 2020). "Could the Trump Administration Block Congestion Pricing in New York?". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  107. ^ Rivoli, Dan (June 17, 2020). "Mayor's Transportation Panel Considers New Road Rules". Spectrum News NY1 | New York City. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  108. ^ Rubinstein, Dana; Goldbaum, Christina (June 24, 2020). "Pandemic May Force New York City to Lay Off 22,000 Workers". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  109. ^ "MTA Warns Congestion Pricing Plan Could be Delayed a Year". Spectrum News NY1. July 14, 2020. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  110. ^ Krisel, Brendan (July 14, 2020). "NYC Congestion Pricing Delayed At Least 1 Year: MTA Exec". Midtown-Hell's Kitchen, NY Patch. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  111. ^ Bascome, Erik (December 1, 2020). "NYC congestion pricing could be delayed until 2023, report says". silive. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  112. ^ Guse, Clayton (November 29, 2020). "NYC's congestion pricing program may be delayed by two years, MTA says". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  113. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (February 10, 2021). "5 Things N.Y.C. Wants From Biden to Transform Transportation". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
  114. ^ Walker, Alissa (February 23, 2021). "Secretary Pete Is Already Coming Through for New York City on Congestion Pricing". Curbed. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  115. ^ Bascome, Erik (February 26, 2021). "NYC congestion pricing may be pushed forward under Biden". silive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  116. ^ "NYC Gets Green Light From Federal Gov't for Next Step in Congestion Pricing Plan". NBC New York. March 30, 2021. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  117. ^ Carlin, Dave (March 30, 2021). "Feds: NYC Congestion Pricing Plan Can Move Forward". CBS New York. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  118. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G.; Rubinstein, Dana; Mays, Jeffery C. (July 10, 2021). "Eric Adams Has Plans for New York, Beyond Public Safety". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  119. ^ Guse, Clayton (July 18, 2021). "MTA hasn't met with NJ DOT on congestion pricing, future of NYC's car-taxing scheme remains murky". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  120. ^ Duggan, Kevin (June 23, 2021). "MTA financial chief says agency OK without congestion pricing funds for now". amNewYork. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  121. ^ Duggan, Kevin (July 20, 2021). "De Blasio repeats push for MTA to speed up Manhattan congestion pricing". amNewYork. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  122. ^ Sommerfeldt, Chris (July 20, 2021). "De Blasio taunts MTA over delay on NYC congestion pricing: 'I got a solution'". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
  123. ^ "Proposed bill would penalize NYC for congestion pricing plan". News 12 - New Jersey. Associated Press. August 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  124. ^ "NJ Congressmen's Proposed Bill Would Penalize NYC for Congestion Pricing Plan". NBC New York. August 11, 2021. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  125. ^ "Next Steps In NYC Congestion Pricing Plan Receive Federal Approval". CBS New York. August 20, 2021. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  126. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (August 20, 2021). "After Two Year Delay, MTA Announces Timeline For Congestion Pricing". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  127. ^ a b Hu, Winnie; Rubinstein, Dana (August 16, 2021). "As Cuomo Exits, Will Congestion Pricing Still Come to New York City?". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  128. ^ Bascome, Erik (August 16, 2021). "Will Cuomo's resignation impact NYC congestion pricing plans?". silive. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  129. ^ Guse, Clayton (March 2, 2021). "De Blasio pushes 'aggressive' approval of NYC's congestion pricing in call with Buttigieg". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 21, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.
  130. ^ Duggan, Kevin (September 23, 2021). "New Yorkers sound off at MTA's first congestion pricing public hearing". amNewYork. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  131. ^ "MTA holds hearing on New York City congestion pricing, plans for $9-$23 toll". ABC7 New York. September 23, 2021. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.
  132. ^ a b Ley, Ana (August 18, 2022). "Why Drivers Could Soon Pay $23 to Reach Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  133. ^ Castillo, Alfonso A. (September 27, 2021). "MTA's congestion pricing plan for Manhattan could range from $9 to $35". Newsday. Archived from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  134. ^ Guse, Clayton (April 22, 2022). "Feds send MTA 430 questions on plan for congestion pricing in NYC". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  135. ^ Hogan, Gwynne (June 8, 2022). "Hochul: Congestion pricing is 'not going to happen in the next year'". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022; Higgs, Larry (June 10, 2022). "NYC congestion pricing plan roll out hits a 400 question federal speed bump". nj. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  136. ^ Spivack, Caroline (July 27, 2022). "Second Avenue subway steams forward amid funding questions: Delays to congestion pricing implementation may throw a wrench into the up to $7B project's funding formula". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 38, no. 25. p. 17. ProQuest  2682468637.
  137. ^ Guse, Clayton (July 12, 2022). "NYC congestion pricing plan shrouded in secrecy as MTA, feds hide review process". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on July 12, 2022. Retrieved July 13, 2022.
  138. ^ "Congestion Pricing NYC: MTA Eyes Tolls Up to $23 to Drive Parts of Manhattan". NBC New York. August 10, 2022. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022; Nessen, Stephen (August 10, 2022). "Debate over NYC congestion pricing picks up as more effects of the plan emerge". Gothamist. Archived from the original on August 11, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
  139. ^ Higgs, Larry (September 8, 2022). "NYC congestion pricing overwhelmingly opposed in public comments, N.J. congressman says". nj. Archived from the original on September 8, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.
  140. ^ Tully, Tracey; Ley, Ana; McGeehan, Patrick (October 6, 2022). "New Jersey Governor Seeks to Slow New York's Congestion Pricing Effort". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  141. ^ Bascome, Erik (November 3, 2022). "NYC congestion pricing: Hochul urged to let New Yorkers vote on controversial program". silive. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
  142. ^ Strahan, Tracie (January 19, 2023). "Lawmakers Join Forces in Bipartisan Effort Against Congestion Pricing in NYC". NBC New York. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023; Keleshian, Kristie; Westbrook, Elijah (January 19, 2023). "New York, New Jersey lawmakers teaming up in fight against congestion pricing". CBS News. Archived from the original on January 21, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
  143. ^ Colon, Dave (February 24, 2023). "MTA Pushes Congestion Pricing Back to Second Quarter of 2024". Streetsblog New York City. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
  144. ^ Strahan, Tracie; Siff, Andrew (May 5, 2023). "Congestion Pricing in NYC Gets Fed Approval, Final Call Likely Weeks Away". NBC New York. Retrieved May 5, 2023; "Congestion pricing: Federal Highway Administration approves New York City's plan, triggering 30-day public review period". ABC7 New York. May 5, 2023. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
  145. ^ Ley, Ana (May 16, 2023). "New Jersey's Senators Push Back on Congestion Pricing". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved May 18, 2023; Maxfield, Jen (May 15, 2023). "NJ Lawmakers Hatch New Proposal to Fight Back Against NYC's Congestion Pricing Plan". NBC New York. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
  146. ^ Ley, Ana (June 26, 2023). "Congestion Pricing Plan in New York City Clears Final Federal Hurdle". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved June 27, 2023; Simko-Bednarski, Evan (June 26, 2023). "NYC's congestion pricing clears last hurdle as feds give final sign-off". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  147. ^ Ley, Ana (July 31, 2023). "How a Congestion Pricing Windfall Could Upgrade the Subways". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  148. ^ Ley, Ana (March 28, 2023). "M.T.A. Wants to Clean the Bronx To Allay Congestion Pricing Concerns". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved November 26, 2023.
  149. ^ Waters, Carlos (October 8, 2023). "Here's how New York City is planning to spend $15 billion raised from a new congestion pricing toll". CNBC. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  150. ^ Waller, Derick (July 21, 2023). "Cashless tolling systems being installed for congestion pricing in Manhattan; expected to start next spring". ABC7 New York. Retrieved July 21, 2023; DiLorenzo, Anthony (July 20, 2023). "See it: First look at congestion pricing tolls in Manhattan". PIX11. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  151. ^ "Congestion pricing NYC: Hearings, demonstrations take place over controversial plan". ABC7 New York. August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2023; Dias, John; Carlin, Dave (August 18, 2023). "New Yorkers drawing a line in the sand over congestion pricing". CBS New York. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  152. ^ Siegal, Ida; Russo, Melissa (August 18, 2023). "NYC congestion pricing: Will some drivers get exemptions? Advisory board weighs in". NBC New York. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  153. ^ Kaske, Michelle (October 7, 2023). "MTA Seeks to Join US Against NJ Suit to Halt Congestion Pricing". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  154. ^ "Taxi drivers call on Governor Hochul to help fight new congestion pricing fee". ABC7 New York. October 9, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023; Rodriguez, Ashlie (October 8, 2023). "NY Taxi Workers Alliance rally for survival, exemption from congestion pricing". FOX 5 New York. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  155. ^ "Gottheimer: Congestion pricing will negatively impact NYC's small businesses". News 12 - New Jersey. December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  156. ^ a b c Kramer, Marcia; Williams, Doug; Duddridge, Natalie (November 30, 2023). "Congestion pricing draft report obtained by CBS New York shows $15 toll for most drivers entering Manhattan's Central Business District". CBS New York. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  157. ^ a b c Ley, Ana (December 1, 2023). "Congestion Pricing Is Coming. Its Opponents Are Still Furious". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  158. ^ a b c "MTA board advances congestion pricing plan to next step for 60-day public review". ABC7 New York. December 6, 2023. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  159. ^ Siff, Andrew; Colorado, Melissa; Shea, Tom (December 6, 2023). "MTA board approves NYC congestion pricing plan: What to know about tolls, exemptions and more". NBC New York. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  160. ^ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (February 28, 2024). "MTA's lower Manhattan congestion pricing system nearly ready to go". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  161. ^ a b Siff, Andrew (February 28, 2024). "MTA gives congestion pricing update ahead of first public hearing". NBC New York. Retrieved February 29, 2024; Duddridge, Natalie (February 29, 2024). "MTA set to hold 1st public hearing on congestion pricing". CBS New York. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  162. ^ Dolmetsch, Chris; Kaske, Michelle (February 7, 2024). "New York's $15 Congestion Pricing Aims for Mid-June Start Date". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved February 29, 2024; Liebman, Samantha (February 7, 2024). "MTA hopes to launch congestion pricing by the middle of June". NY1. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  163. ^ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (July 21, 2023). "New Jersey sues federal government to stop NYC congestion pricing". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  164. ^ Ley, Ana (July 21, 2023). "New Jersey Sues Over Congestion Pricing in New York City". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Retrieved July 21, 2023.
  165. ^ Davick, Arnold (July 22, 2023). "Staten Island BP announces lawsuit against congestion pricing". Spectrum News NY1. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  166. ^ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (November 1, 2023). "Fort Lee, N.J., mayor sues feds and MTA in effort to stop NYC congestion pricing". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 2, 2023; "Fort Lee mayor files class-action lawsuit to stop NYC congestion pricing plan". News 12 - New Jersey. November 1, 2023. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  167. ^ Zimmer, Amy; Zimmerman, Alex (January 4, 2024). "Teachers Union Files Lawsuit to Halt Congestion Pricing". THE CITY - NYC News. Retrieved February 1, 2024; Rozner, Lisa (January 4, 2024). "Staten Island files federal lawsuit against congestion pricing plan, citing lack of mass transit options". CBS New York. Retrieved February 5, 2024; "United Federation of Teachers, Staten Island borough president file lawsuit over NYC's congestion pricing". ABC7 New York. January 4, 2024. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  168. ^ Kramer, Marcia (January 18, 2024). "Lower East Side residents are the latest to file lawsuit against NYC's controversial congestion pricing plan". CBS New York. Retrieved February 1, 2024; Siff, Andrew (January 19, 2024). "Congestion pricing plan faces new opposition". NBC New York. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  169. ^ "NYC small business owners expected to announce another congestion pricing lawsuit". CBS New York. February 27, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024; Rodriguez, Ashlie (February 27, 2024). "NYC small business owners file suit against congestion pricing". FOX 5 New York. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  170. ^ Spivack, Caroline (February 15, 2024). "MTA suspends contracts for transit upgrades amid legal challenges to congestion pricing". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  171. ^ Simko-Bednarski, Evan (February 15, 2024). "Congestion pricing lawsuits put in limbo MTA bus, subway, train improvements". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 16, 2024.
  172. ^ "MTA Details Accessibility, Expansion, and Reliability Projects at Risk Due to Congestion Pricing Lawsuits". MTA. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
  173. ^ a b Ley, Ana (November 29, 2023). "$15 Tolls Likely for New York's Congestion Pricing Program". The New York Times. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  174. ^ Guse, Clayton (November 30, 2023). "MTA panel expected to recommend $15 congestion pricing toll". Gothamist. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  175. ^ a b c d e f Bascome, Erik (December 2, 2023). "NYC congestion pricing: How much you'll pay, crossing credits, exemptions and more". silive. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  176. ^ a b c Nessen, Stephen (December 6, 2023). "MTA board approves congestion pricing tolls, initiating 60-day review". Gothamist. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  177. ^ a b Higgs, Larry (December 8, 2023). "There are 2 fine print ways NYC's $15 congestion pricing fee can go up". nj. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  178. ^ a b O'Neill, James M. (December 7, 2023). "Angry about Manhattan congestion pricing? You can tell MTA". Bergen Record. Retrieved December 8, 2023.
  179. ^ Siff, Andrew; Colorado, Melissa; Shea, Tom (November 30, 2023). "NYC congestion pricing: How much drivers will pay, exemptions, surcharges and more". NBC New York. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  180. ^ Liebman, Samantha (November 29, 2023). "Source: Most drivers likely to pay $15 for congestion pricing zone". Spectrum News NY1. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  181. ^ Finley, Louis (February 26, 2024). "MTA announces two exemptions for congestion pricing". Spectrum News NY1. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
  182. ^ Martinez, Jose (August 9, 2023). "Congestion Pricing Scanners Debut on Broadway, As Lawsuit Looms". THE CITY - NYC News. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  183. ^ Schmidt, Linda (December 19, 2023). "NYC congestion pricing confusion: Will drivers be charged to exit the zone?". FOX 5 New York. Retrieved December 20, 2023.
  184. ^ Knudson, Annalise (January 15, 2024). "MTA installs cameras to track vehicles for congestion pricing on 2 highways excluded from the toll, report says". silive. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  185. ^ Nessen, Stephen (February 28, 2024). "MTA installs futuristic cameras in Manhattan to charge, track cars for congestion pricing". Gothamist. Retrieved February 29, 2024.

Further reading

External links