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Coloradisaurus
Temporal range: Norian
~213  Ma
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Diagram showing known skull elements; shaded parts represent missing bones
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: † Sauropodomorpha
Family: † Massospondylidae
Genus: † Coloradisaurus
Galton, 1990 [2] [3]
Type species
†Coloradisaurus brevis
( Bonaparte, 1978) [4]
Synonyms

Coloradisaurus (meaning "Los Colorados lizard") is a genus of massospondylid sauropodomorph dinosaur. It lived during the Late Triassic period ( Norian stage) in what is now La Rioja Province, Argentina. It is known from two specimens collected from the Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin.

Taxonomy

Coloradisaurus brevis was originally named Coloradia brevis by José Bonaparte in 1978, [4] but that genus name was preoccupied by the pine moth Coloradia, [5] so it needed a replacement name. In 1983, David Lambert used the name Coloradisaurus for the genus, but did not indicate it was a replacement or diagnose it. [6] Lambert had gotten the name from Bonaparte in a personal communication and mistakenly thought that Bonaparte had already published it. [3] Peter Galton was the next to use the name Coloradisaurus in 1990, which he credited to Lambert, when he gave the taxon a diagnosis in his review of prosauropods in The Dinosauria. [2] [3] Authorship of Coloradisaurus has traditionally been attributed to Lambert, but in 2020, Greenfield et al. judged Lambert's use of the name to be a nomen nudum. They concluded that authorship should be attributed to Galton, who was the first to use the name Coloradisaurus in a way that met the requirements of the ICZN. [3]

Description

The holotype of Coloradisaurus (PVL 3967) is a mostly complete skull found associated with an undescribed partial skeleton. [4] While the right side of the skull is well-preserved with almost all bones intact, the left side is distorted and missing more bones. [7] The holotype individual has been estimated to have been 3 m (10 ft) long with a mass of 70 kg (150 lb). [8] A referred specimen (PVL 5904) is a partial skeleton including the most of the dorsal vertebrae and parts of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs. [9] Like Lufengosaurus, it have the angle between the pterygoid and quadratojugal rami nearly 90°. There is also a possibility that the postorbital bones of Coloradisaurus and Sarahsaurus are similar, but due to the deformation of the skull this is difficult to say. [10]

All material of Coloradisaurus was discovered in 1971 at the La Esquina locality in the upper section of the Los Colorados Formation near Pagancillo, La Rioja Province, Argentina. [4] [7] [9] The top of the Los Colorados Formation has been dated to 213 Ma, [1] which would place Coloradisaurus in the Norian stage of the Late Triassic.

Phylogeny

Coloradisaurus was classified as a plateosaurid in the original description by Bonaparte, [4] but this pre-dated the use of phylogenetic analyses in paleontology. He later became opposed to cladistics [11] and continued to consider Coloradisaurus a plateosaurid without testing its phylogenetic position. [12] The analyses of Galton (1990), Galton & Upchurch (2004), and Upchurch et al. (2007) found it to be a plateosaurid, supporting Bonaparte's placement. [2] [13] [14] However, the analyses of Benton et al. (2000) and Yates (2003) recovered it in a polytomy with other basal sauropodomorphs or as a massospondylid, respectively. [15] [16] Subsequent analyses such as Yates et al. (2010), Apaldetti et al. (2013; 2014), Wang et al. (2017), and Müller (2020) have reached the consensus that Coloradisaurus is a massospondylid most closely related to Lufengosaurus and Glacialisaurus. [7] [9] [17] [18] [10] [19] These three taxa share four synapomorphies found in the metatarsals and femur. [9]

Below is a simplified cladogram after Galton & Upchurch (2004), reflecting its early placement as a plateosaurid. [13]

  Sauropodomorpha 

Below is a simplified cladogram after Müller (2020), showing its current position as a massospondylid. [19]

Plateosauria

References

  1. ^ a b Kent, D.V.; Malnis, P.S.; Colombi, C.E.; Alcober, O.A.; Martínez, R.N. (2014). "Age constraints on the dispersal of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (22): 7958–7963. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1402369111. PMC  4050597. PMID  24843149.
  2. ^ a b c Galton, P.M. (1990). "Basal Sauropodomorpha - Prosauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 320–344. ISBN  0-520-06726-6.
  3. ^ a b c d e Greenfield, T.; Bivens, G.; Fonseca, A. (2020). "The correct authorship of Coloradisaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): Galton, 1990, not Lambert, 1983". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 77 (1): 153–155. doi: 10.21805/bzn.v77.a050. S2CID  229723564.
  4. ^ a b c d e Bonaparte, J.F. (1978). "Coloradia brevis n. g. et n. sp. (Saurischia - Prosauropoda), dinosaurio Plateosauridae de la Formacion Los Colorados, Triasico Superior de La Rioja, Argentina" [Coloradia brevis n. g. et n. sp. (Saurischia - Prosauropoda), a plateosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Los Colorados Formation of La Rioja, Argentina]. Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 15 (3–4): 327–332. "English translation" (PDF). The Polyglot Paleontologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2021.
  5. ^ a b Blake, C.A. (1863). "Description of a supposed new genus and species of Saturniidae from the Rocky Mountains". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 2 (3): 279.
  6. ^ a b Lambert, D. (1983). A Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New York, NY: Avon Books. p.  102. ISBN  0-380-83519-3.
  7. ^ a b c Apaldetti, C.; Martinez, R.N.; Pol, D.; Souter, T. (2014). "Redescription of the Skull of Coloradisaurus brevis (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin, northwestern Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1113–1132. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2014.859147. hdl: 11336/36518. S2CID  86158311.
  8. ^ Paul, G.S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.  189. ISBN  978-0-691-16766-4.
  9. ^ a b c d Apaldetti, C.; Pol, D.; Yates, A.M. (2013). "The postcranial anatomy of Coloradisaurus brevis (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina and its phylogenetic implications". Palaeontology. 56 (2): 277–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01198.x. hdl: 11336/3499.
  10. ^ a b K. E. J. Chapelle, P. M. Barrett, J. Botha, J. N. Choiniere (2019). "Ngwevu intloko: a new early sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa and comments on cranial ontogeny in Massospondylus carinatus". PeerJ. 7 (e7240). doi: 10.7717/peerj.7240. hdl: 10141/622556.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
  11. ^ Lessem, D. (1993). "Jose Bonaparte: Master of the Mesozoic" (PDF). Omni. 15 (7): 52–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-19.
  12. ^ Bonaparte, J.F.; Pumares, J.A. (1995). "Notas sobre el primer craneo de Riojasaurus incertus (Dinosauria, Prosauropoda, Melanosauridae) del Triasico Superior de La Rioja, Argentina" [Notes on the first skull of Riojasaurus incertus (Dinosauria, Prosauropoda, Melanorosauridae) from the Late Triassic of La Rioja, Argentina]. Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 32 (4): 341–349. "English translation" (PDF). The Polyglot Paleontologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2021.
  13. ^ a b Galton, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2004). "Prosauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 232–258. ISBN  0-520-24209-2.
  14. ^ Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; Galton, P.M. (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 77: 57–90.
  15. ^ Benton, M.J.; Juul, L.; Storrs, G.W.; Galton, P.M. (2000). "Anatomy and systematics of the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus from the upper Triassic of southwest England". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (1): 77–108. doi: 10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0077:AASOTP]2.0.CO;2.
  16. ^ Yates, A.M. (2003). "A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (1): 1–42. doi: 10.1017/S1477201903001007. S2CID  55906527. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2018.
  17. ^ Yates, A.M.; Bonnan, M.F.; Neveling, J.; Chinsamy, A.; Blackbeard, M.G. (2010). "A new transitional sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalism". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1682): 787–794. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1440. PMC  2842739. PMID  19906674.
  18. ^ Wang, Y-M.; You, H-L.; Wang, T. (2017). "A new basal sauropodiform dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Yunnan Province, China". Scientific Reports. 7: 41881. doi: 10.1038/srep41881. PMC  5312170. PMID  28205592.
  19. ^ a b Müller, R.T. (2020). "Craniomandibular osteology of Macrocollum itaquii (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (10): 805–841. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2019.1683902. S2CID  209575985.


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