The term has also been used to mean Pantheism in the classical Greek and Roman era,[1][2] or archetypal pantheism as variously defined by different authors.[3]
Hartshorne's Classical Pantheism
This usage of the term Classical Pantheism was first presented by
Charles Hartshorne in 1953,[4] and by others discussing his presentation.[5] In making his case for
panentheism, Hartshorne sought to distinguish panentheism, which rejects determinism, from deterministic pantheism.[6]
The term "pantheism" is derived from Greek words pan (πᾶν, "all") and theos (θεός, "God"), together meaning "All-God" or "All is God." It is often associated with
monism, the view that reality is a single thing.
The Encyclopedia of Religion refers to this form of Pantheism as an "extreme
monism," stating that in Classical Pantheism, "God decides or determines everything, including our supposed decisions."[7] Other examples of deterministic-inclined pantheisms include the views of
Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Ernst Haeckel, and
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.
Quotations
The following quotations illustrate Hartshorne's concept of Classical Pantheism:
"For no particular thing, not even the smallest, can have happened otherwise than in accordance with the common nature and its reason." -
Chrysippus[8]
"In the mind there is no absolute or free will; but the mind is determined to wish this or that by a cause, which has also been determined by another cause, and this last by another cause, and so on to infinity." -
Baruch Spinoza[9]
Other uses of "Classical Pantheism"
Typical or archetypal pantheism. This usage varies according to the judgement of the writer as to what constitutes typical or archetypal pantheism, but usually includes Spinoza.[10]
Pantheism of the Classical period, specifically Ancient Greece and Rome (for example,
Stoicism).[11]
^Principles of Natural Theology, George Hayward Joyce, 2003, p. 482.
^Anti-Theistic Theories: Being the Baird Lecture for 1877, Robert Flint, p. 536.
^Pantheism: A Non-Theistic Concept of Deity, Michael Philip Levine, 1994, p. 163.
^Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953, ch. 4.
^David Ray John B. Cobb, Clark H. Pinnock, "Searching for an Adequate God: A Dialogue Between Process and Free Will Theists", William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p. 177.
^Park, Chan Ho, "Transcendence And Spatiality of the Triune Creator", European Academic Publishers, 2005, p. 4.