From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This chronology presents the timeline of the
Reconquista , a series of military and political actions taken following the
Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that began in 711. These
Crusades began a decade later with dated to the
Battle of Covadonga and it ended Its culmination came in 1492 with the
Fall of Granada to
Isabella I of
Castile and
Ferdinand II of
Aragon . The evolution of the various Iberian kingdoms (e.g.,
Aragon ,
León and
Castile ) to the unified kingdoms of
Spain and
Portugal was key to the conquest of
al-Andalus from the
Moors .
[1]
Chronologies of the Reconquista
Numerous chronologies of the Crusades have been published and include the following.
A Chronology of the Crusades , covering the crusades from 1055 to 1456, by Timothy Venning.
[2]
Chronology and Maps, covering 1095–1789, in The Oxford History of the Crusades , edited by
Jonathan Riley-Smith .
A Chronological Outline of the Crusades: Background, Military Expeditions, and Crusader States, covering 160–1798, in The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, by Peter Lock.
A Narrative Outline of the Crusades, covering 1096–1488, ibid.
The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia , edited by Alan V. Murray.
[6]
Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades , Volume III, edited by
Kenneth M. Setton (1975).
[7]
Historical Dictionary of the Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. Chronology from 1009 to 1330.
Oxford Reference Timelines: Crusades, 1095–1303;
[9] Spain.
[10]
8th century
705
After 707
710
711
712
713
714
715
February. Ibn Nusayr and ibn Ziyar return to Damascus to find the caliph dead, succeeded by his brother
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik .
[25]
(Date unknown). Musa ibn Nusayr is assassinated on the orders of Sulayman.
717
(Date unknown).
Córdoba is established as the capital of al-Andalus.
718
Al-Andalus at its greatest extent
719
720
721
725
730
731
732
Bataille de Poitiers en Octobre 732 by
Charles de Steuben depicts
Charles Martel defeating
Abd Al Rahman Al Ghafiqi at the
Battle of Tours .
735
737
Martel destroys a Moorish garrison at the
Siege of Avignon .
Following the destruction of Avignon, Martel fails in the first
Siege of Narbonne .
[45]
After his failure at Narbonne, Martel defeats
Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri at the
Battle of the River Berre .
[46]
Martel continues his campaign with the successful
Siege of Nîmes . He then returns to France.
739
740
750
752
754
756
757
759
760
761
768
774
777
778
Roland at the
Battle of Roncevaux Pass
781
783
787
789
791
794
795
9th century
800
801
Iberia in 814
808
816
824
827
829
842
843
The Battle of Clavijo by
Corrado Giaquinto .
844
850
851
852
859
865
Miniature (
c. 1118 ) from the archives of
Oviedo Cathedral showing Alfonso III flanked by his wife Jimena and bishop
Gomelo II .
866
870
878
881
882
883
10th century
901
905
910
The
Kingdom of León in 910
912
917
920
923
925
926
928
Emirate/Caliphate of Córdoba in 929
929
930
931
932
939
951
956
958
961
966
970
975
976
The campaigns of
Almanzor , 977–1006
978
981
982
984
985
987
(Date unknown). The Portuguese city of
Coimbra is taken from the Christians by
Almanzor .
994
997
999
11th century
1000
1002
1003
1004
1008
1009
Caliphate of Córdoba in 1000
1010
1012
1013
1015
1016
1018
1026
1028
1031
The Iberian Peninsula in 1030, during the reign of
Sancho the Great
1035
1037
1043
(Date unknown). Castilian hero
El Cid is born Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar near
Burgos .
[156]
1049
1054
1063
1064
1065
The Iberian peninsula in 1065.
1067
1068
1071
1072
1076
1079
The Taifa of Sevilla in 1079
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
El Cid ordering the execution of Almoravid allies after his conquest of Valencia in 1094
1089
1094
1096
1097
1099
12th century
1100
1102
Alfonso I, the Warrior-King , by
Francisco Pradilla Ortiz
1104
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
Urraca's realm in 1118
1111
1114
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
Phases of the expansion of the
Almohad Caliphate .
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1130
1133
1134
1137
1138
The Miracle of Ourique by
Domingos Sequeira (1793)
1139
1140
1142
1143
The Iberian peninsula in 1144.
1144
1145
1146
1147
The Conquest of Lisbon by
Alfredo Roque Gameiro (1917).
1148
1149
1150
1153
(Date unknown).
Eugene III again authorizes a crusade in Spain.
1154
1157
1158
1164
1165
1166
1169
1170
(Date unknown). The
Order of Santiago (Order of Saint James of Compostela) is founded to defend Christianity and expel the Moors from Iberia.
[266]
1172
1175
1177
1179
1184
1185
1187
1188
1189
The Iberian Peninsula in 1195.
1190
1191
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
13th century
1209
1210
1211
The
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa by
Francisco de Paula Van Halen (1864)
1212
1213
1214
1215
1217
The Iberian Peninsula in 1210
1219
1223
1225
1228
Conquest of Majorca by
James I of Aragon (1229)
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1236
The
Battle of the Puig de Santa Maria by
Andrés Marzal de Sas .
1237
1238
1239
1243
1244
1246
A map of Southern Spain around the time of Muhammad I, including the
Emirate of Granada which he was to found. Green/pale yellow: Granada.
1247
1248
1249
1252
1253
1260
1261
1264
(Date unknown). The
Mudéjar revolt of the Muslim population of Castile begins, and is not put down until 1266.
James I of Aragon entering the city after the
Conquest of Murcia , February 1266.
1265
1266
1267
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
Granada and its neighbours in 1275.
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1291
1292
1295
1299
14th century
1300
February. Boniface VIII announces first
Jubilee Year in Rome, promotes a crusade.
[372]
1302
1304
1305
1307
1308
19 December. Castile and Aragon sign the
Treaty of Alcalá de Henares , pledging to help each other to achieve a total conquest of Granada and split its territories between them.
1309
1310
1312
1314
1315
1316
1317
1319
1320
1321
21 June.
Leper's plot , a conspiracy theory that lepers and Muslims were conspiring to poison water in France, results in lepers and Jews being burned at the stake.
[396]
1322
1325
1327
1328
1330
1333
1335
1336
1339
1340
The
Battle of Río Salado , 1340.
1342
1344
1349
1350
1351
1354
1356
1357
1359
1360
The
Marinid Sultanate circa 1360.
1361
1362
1366
1367
1369
1375
Catalan Atlas , by the
sefardi
Cresques Abraham 1377
1379
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1390
1391
1392
1396
1398
15th century
1406
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
Henry the Navigator as shown in the
Saint Vincent Panels by
Nuno Gonçalves .
[bf]
1420
1427
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1435
1436
1437
Detail from the
Saint Vincent Panels by
Nuno Gonçalves believed to be a portrait of
Ferdinand the Saint Prince .
1438
1443
1445
1448
1449
1450
1452
1454
1455
A map of Iberia ca. 1462
1458
1462
1465
1466
1467
1468
Morocco in the late 15th and 16th centuries.
1469
1471
1472
1474
1475
1476
1478
Ferdinand and Isabella with their subjects
1479
1481
1482
An engraving of
Muhammad XII of Granada . The date of this painting and its current location are unknown.
1483
1484
1487
1489
(Date unknown).
Al-Zadal (Muhammad XIII of Granada) surrenders the city to Spain after the six-month
Siege of Baza and is captured.
1490
1491
La rendición de Granada by
Francisco Pradilla Ortiz .
Muhammad XII surrenders to
Ferdinand and
Isabella .
1492
2 January.
Muhammad XII , the last emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs after a lengthy siege, ending the ten-year
Granada War and the centuries-long
Reconquista , and bringing an end to 780 years of Muslim control in
Al-Andalus .
[513]
6 January. Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada.
[514]
31 March. Ferdinand and Isabella sign the
Alhambra Decree , expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Christianity.
[515]
2 August. Ottoman sultan
Bayezid II dispatches the
Ottoman Navy to bring expelled Spanish Jews safely to Ottoman lands.
[516]
Aftermath
The
Fall of Granada ended the
Reconquista , but some residual events continued.
See also
Notes
^
Pelagius (of Asturias) was a Visigoth nobleman who founded the
Kingdom of Asturias in 718. He is credited with initiating the
Reconquista .
^
Pelagius of Asturias was the first
king of Asturias whose reign began in 714.
^ The
Kingdom of Asturias merged with the
Kingdom of León in 925 and
Alfonso III the Great was succeeded by
Fruela II in
Asturias ,
Alfonso III in
León and, in
Galicia , by
Ordoño II of León .
^
Alfonso Fróilaz the Hunchback was briefly the king of the unified kingdom of Asturias, Galicia and León in 925. He succeeded his father
Fruela II of Asturias . Later that year,
Asturias would become part of
León .
Galicia would reunite with León later, in 929
^
Ordoño II of León was
king of Galicia from 910 and
king of León from 914. In Galicia, he succeeded
Alfonso III the Great .
^
Sancho Ordóñez was succeeded by
Fruela II of Asturias in
Galicia .
^
Garcia II of Galicia succeeded his father
Ferdinand I the Great as
king of Galicia in 1065 and was overthrown by his brothers
Sancho II the Strong and
Alfonso VI the Brave in 1071.
^
Íñigo Arista was the first
king of Pamplona beginning in 824.
^
García Sánchez I was also the first
King of Najera .
^
Sancho Garcés IV was succeeded by
Sancho Ramirez V , the king of Aragon.
^
García Ramírez of Navarre , known as "the Restorer," succeeded
Alfonso I the Battler as
king of Navarre .
^
Joan I of Navarre married
Philip IV of France and
Kingdom of Navarre came under French control.
^
Ramiro I of Aragon was the first
king of Aragon beginning in 1035.
^
Sancho Ramirez V and
Peter I of Aragon were also successive kings of Pamplona, succeeding
Sancho Garcés IV of Pamplona .
^
Alfonso I the Battler was also the first king of Navarre (formerly known as Pamplona), succeeding
Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona . He was succeeded in Navarre by
García Ramírez of Navarre .
^
Ferdinand II of Aragon married
Isabella I of Castile and became Ferdinand V of Castile and León in 1475.
^
Alfonso IV the Monk succeeded
Fruela II of Asturias as
king of León after a brief interlude by
Alfonso Fróilaz .
^
Ferdinand I the Great was succeeded by
Alfonso VI the Brave as
king of León and
Garcia II of Galicia as
king of Galicia .
^
Ferdinand II of León succeeded
Alfonso VII the Emperor as
king of León .
^
Sancha of León and her sister
Dulce of León were the daughters of
Alfonso IX of León who were succeeded by
Ferdinand III of Castile after the union of Castile and León.
^
Sancho II of Castile and León , nicknamed "the Strong," was the first
king of Castile , beginning in 1065.
^
Alfonso VI the Brave was
king of León from 1065–1109, serving jointly with his brother
Sancho II the Strong briefly in 1072.
^
Urraca of Castile was
queen of León from 1109–1126.
^
Alfonso VII the Emperor was
king of León from 1135–1157 and was succeeded there by his son
Ferdinand II of León .
^ The
Treaty of Benavente was signed on 11 December 1230, in which
Sancha and
Dulce , the heiresses of the
Kingdom of León , renounced their throne to their brother,
Ferdinand III of Castile , unifying the two kingdoms.
^
Constance of Castile , daughter of
Peter the Cruel , claimed the throne during the
Castilian succession crisis .
^
John of Gaunt claimed the
throne of Castile by virtue of his marriage to
Constance of Castile .
^
Henry of Trastámara , known as Henry II the Fratricidal, killed his half-brother
Peter the Cruel , ending the
Castilian Civil War .
^
Isabella I is known as Isabella the Catholic. She and her husband
Ferdinand V of Castile ruled over a unified Spain as the
Catholic Monarchs .
^
Ferdinand II of Aragon married
Isabella I of Castile in 1469 and became king of Castile and León as
Ferdinand V of Castile shortly after the death of Isabella's brother
Henry IV of Castile .
^
Al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik was the sixth
Umayyad caliph beginning in 668.
^
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan was the last caliph of the
Umayyads . The
Abbasid Caliphate took power on 25 January 750.
^
Musa ibn Nusayr was the first
governor of al-Andalus beginning in 712.
^ The
governor of al-Andalus ,
Yusuf ibn al-Fihri , was succeeded by
Abd al-Rahman I as the first
emir of Córdoba .
^
Abd al-Rahman I was the first
emir of Córdoba , beginning in 756.
^
Abdullah of Córdoba was succeeded as
emir of Córdoba by his grandson
Abd al-Rahman III one day after his death on 15 October 912. On 16 January 929, Abd al-Rahman III would declare himself
caliph .
^
Abd al-Rahman III was the first
caliph of Córdoba , beginning in 929.
^ As the chancellor of the
Caliphate of Córdoba and
hajib for
Hisham II ,
Almanzor was effectively ruler of Islamic Iberia.
^ After the caliphate fell with the overthrow of
Hisham III in 1031, its land holdings devolved into a number of
taifas .
^
Yusuf ibn Tashfin was
emir of the Almoravids from 1061, succeeding the
Sanhaja Berber tribal leader
Abu Bakr ibn Umar who followed the spiritual authority of
Abdallah ibn Yasin .
^
Ishaq ibn Ali served briefly in 1147 and was killed after the conquest of
Marrakech by the
Almohads .
^
Abd al-Mu'min became the first
Almohad caliph in 1130, a caliphate based on the teachings of
Ibn Tumart .
^
Idris al-Wathiq was executed in 1269 when forces of the
Marinids overran
Marrakech .
^
Abd al-Haqq I became the first
leader of the Marinids in 1215. The
Marinid Sultanate would be founded in 1269 by
Abu Yusuf Yaqub .
^ In 1465, the last Marinid sultan
Abd al-Haqq II was killed by a revolt in
Fez , which led to the establishment of direct
Wattasid rule over Morocco.
^ The
Nasrid dynasty began ruling the
Emirate of Granada in 1232 under
Muhammad I of Granada , the first
sultan of Granada .
^
Afonso Henriques was the first
king of Portugal as
Afonso I of Portugal beginning in 1139.
^
Gerald the Fearless is known as the Portuguese
El Cid .
^ By 1228,
Ibn Hud had siezed power over much of
al-Andalus . His defeat at the
Battle of Jerez in 1231 led to the rise of
Muhammad I of Granada .
^ In 1229,
Zayyan ibn Mardanish became ruler of the
Taifa of Valencia after dethroning
Zayd Abu Zayd , the last
Almohad governor of the province.
^
James III of Majorca was
king of Majorca until 1344 when he was deposed by
Peter IV of Aragon and
Majorca annexed.
^
Edward the Black Prince , heir to the throne of England, supported
Peter the Cruel in the
Castilian Civil War .
^
Bertrand du Guesclin , later
Constable of France , supported
Henry of Trastámara in the
Castilian Civil War and enabled the execution of
Peter the Cruel by his half-brother Henry.
^ Some sources date the
Battle of Covadonga to 722.
^ The execution of the
Martyrs of Córdoba may have occurred as late as 859
^ The date of the beginning of the reign of
Fortún Garcés of Pamplona varies between 870 and 882 in the sources.
^
Sancho III of Pamplona was first reported as king in 1004 but his father
García Sánchez II of Pamplona was last reported in 1000.
^ This traditional image of
Henry the Navigator presented in the
Saint Vincent Panels remains under dispute.
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^
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