Christie G. Enke is a United States academic
chemist who made pioneering contributions to the field of
analytical chemistry.
Life and career
Chris Enke was born in
Minneapolis, Minnesota on July 8, 1933. His parents were Alvin Enke and Mae Nichols. He graduated from Central High School in Minneapolis in 1951. He received a BA degree from
Principia College in 1955 and a PhD from the
University of Illinois in 1959. His thesis, concerning the anodic formation of surface oxide films on platinum electrodes, was performed under the guidance of
Herbert Laitinen. While at Illinois, he also worked with Howard Malmstadt to introduce a graduate lab and lecture course in the electronics of laboratory instrumentation. He is now Professor Emeriti of Chemistry at the
University of New Mexico and
Michigan State University. Prior to his move to the University of New Mexico in 1994, he was an instructor and assistant professor at
Princeton (1959 –1966), then an associate professor and professor at Michigan State University.
Electroanalytical chemistry: Enke's early research in electrochemistry centered on high-speed charge transfer kinetic studies.[1] He also pioneered the use of operational amplifiers in electroanalytical instrumentation and later, computer control. He is co-inventor of the bipolar pulse method for measuring electrolytic conductance.[2]
Teaching electronics to scientists: Howard Malmstadt and Enke wrote the pioneering work, Electronics for Scientists.[3] Then Malmstadt, Stan Crouch, and Enke wrote eight more texts and lab books in the electronics of laboratory instrumentation. This same team developed and presented the hands-on ACS short course, Electronics for Laboratory Instrumentation beginning in 1979. Enke also wrote an introductory analytical chemistry text called The Art and Science of Chemical Analysis.[4]
Mass spectrometry: Enke, his graduate student,
Rick Yost, and a colleague,
James Morrison, discovered low-energy collisional ion fragmentation in 1979.[5] Collisional dissociation in an RF-only quadrupole mass filter between two quadrupole mass analyzers resulted in the first triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.[6] Its low cost and unit resolution ushered in the technique now known as
tandem mass spectrometry. Enke continued research in mass spectrometry including developing a distributed microprocessor control system for the triple-quadrupole,[7][8] a fast integrating detector system for time-of-flight mass spectrometry,[9] development of a tandem time-of-flight instrument with photofragmentation of ions,[10] the equilibrium partition theory of electrospray ionization,[11] and the invention of distance-of-flight mass spectrometry.[12]
Comprehensive analysis of complex mixtures: With Luc Nagels, Enke discovered that the concentrations of components in many natural complex mixtures have a log-normal distribution.[13] With this information, one can learn the number and concentrations of components that are below the detection limit.
Awards
1974 American Chemical Society Award for Chemical Instrumentation
1981 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
1989 American Chemical Society Award for Computers in Chemistry
1992 Michigan State University Distinguished Faculty Award
Chair, Physical Electrochemistry Div., The Electrochemical. Soc.1963-1971
References
^Daum, Peter H.; Enke, Christie G. (1969). "Electrochemical kinetics of the ferri-ferrocyanide couple on platinum". Analytical Chemistry. 41 (4): 653–656.
doi:
10.1021/ac60273a007.
ISSN0003-2700.
^Johnson, Donald Edwin; Enke, C. G. (1970). "Bipolar pulse technique for fast conductance measurements". Analytical Chemistry. 42 (3): 329–335.
doi:
10.1021/ac60285a015.
ISSN0003-2700.
^Malmstadt, Howard; Enke, Christie (1962). Electronics for Scientists. New York: W. A. Benjamin.
^Enke, Christie G. (2001). The art and science of chemical analysis. Wiley.
OCLC681424927.
^Yost, R.A.; Enke, C.G.; McGilvery, D.C.; Smith, D.; Morrison, J.D. (June 1979). "High efficiency collision-induced dissociation in an RF-only quadrupole". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics. 30 (2): 127–136.
Bibcode:
1979IJMSI..30..127Y.
doi:
10.1016/0020-7381(79)80090-x.
ISSN0020-7381.
^Yost, R. A.; Enke, C. G. (1978). "Selected ion fragmentation with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100 (7): 2274–2275.
doi:
10.1021/ja00475a072.
ISSN0002-7863.
^Stults, J. T.; Myerholtz, C. A.; Newcome, B. H.; Enke, C. G.; Holland, J. F. (1985). "Data acquisition and instrument control system for ion flight time measurements in mass spectrometry". Review of Scientific Instruments. 56 (12): 2267–2273.
Bibcode:
1985RScI...56.2267S.
doi:
10.1063/1.1138362.
ISSN0034-6748.
^Seeterlin, M. A.; Vlasak, P. R.; Beussman, D. J.; McLane, R. D.; Enke, C. G. (1993). "High Efficiency Photo-Induced Dissociation of Precursor Ions in a Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 4 (9): 751–754.
doi:
10.1016/1044-0305(93)80055-4.
ISSN1044-0305.
PMID24226002.
S2CID1243156.
^Enke, Christie G. (1997). "A Predictive Model for Matrix and Analyte Effects in Electrospray Ionization of Singly-Charged Ionic Analytes". Analytical Chemistry. 69 (23): 4885–4893.
doi:
10.1021/ac970095w.
ISSN0003-2700.
PMID9406535.
^Enke, Christie G.; Dobson, Gareth S. (2007). "Achievement of Energy Focus for Distance-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Constant Momentum Acceleration and an Ion Mirror". Analytical Chemistry. 79 (22): 8650–8661.
doi:
10.1021/ac070638u.
ISSN0003-2700.
PMID17929898.
^Enke, Christie G.; Nagels, Luc J. (2011). "Undetected Components in Natural Mixtures: How Many? What Concentrations? Do They Account for Chemical Noise? What Is Needed to Detect Them?". Analytical Chemistry. 83 (7): 2539–2546.
doi:
10.1021/ac102818a.
ISSN0003-2700.
PMID21366323.