Scholar of Hebrew who comes from a Christian background
A Christian Hebraist is a
scholar of Hebrew who comes from a
Christian family background/belief or is a
Jewish adherent of Christianity. The main area of study is that commonly known as the
Old Testament to Christians (and
Tanakh to Jews), but Christians have occasionally taken an interest in the
Talmud and the
Kabbalah.
The early fathers of the Christian Church got their knowledge of Hebrew traditions (
Masoretic,
Midrashim and
Aggadah) from their Jewish teachers. That is seen especially in the
exegesis of
Justin Martyr,
[1]
Aphraates,
Ephraem Syrus and
Origen of Alexandria.
Jerome's teachers are even mentioned by name such as Bar Ḥanina (Hananiah).
Middle Ages
Syriac Christians have always been reading and using Hebrew texts. In
Western Christianity, however, knowledge of Hebrew was historically scarce outside of converts from Judaism.
[2] It has often been claimed that the
Venerable Bede (d.735) knew something of Hebrew. However, his knowledge appears to have been gleaned entirely from St
Jerome.
[3] The same may be said of
Alcuin (b.735), who revised the Biblical translation of Jerome. The ninth-century
Pseudo-Jerome, who worked in the circle of
Rabanus Maurus (d.856), knew Hebrew.
[2]
During the
Twelfth-Century Renaissance, contact between Christian and Jewish scholars increased.
Peter Abelard (d.1142) recommended that Christian scholars take up the language of the Old Testament and many followed this recommendation. The
School of Saint Victor became the centre of Hebraism in western Europe. The
school of Toledo also worked with Hebrew, but it was secondary to Arabic.
Adam of Saint Victor (d.1146) was the most prominent Victorine Hebraist and his student,
Herbert of Bosham (fl.1162–89), studied with
Abraham ibn Ezra (d.c.1167) to acquire deeper grammatical understanding. The
Cistercian tradition of Hebrew studies began with
Nicholas Manjacoria.
[2]
In the thirteenth century, Hebrew learning declined among native Christians, while converts from Judaism mainly used their knowledge polemically against their co-ethnics.
[4] The tradition of scholarly Hebraism was strongest in England.
[5] Among the prominent English Hebraists were
Alexander Neckham (d.1217);
Stephen Langton (d.1228), who composed a Hebrew–Latin dictionary of Biblical terms;
William de la Mare (fl.1272–79), who was patronised by
Robert Grosseteste (d.1253); and
Roger Bacon (d.c.1292), who wrote Hebrew grammar.
[2]
In the fourteenth century, the
Franciscans and
Dominicans took up Hebrew, but their purpose was evangelical. They were instrumental, however, in setting up chairs of Hebrew in
universities across Europe. The ecumenical
Council of Vienne (1312) ordered chairs established at the universities of
Rome,
Oxford,
Paris,
Salamanca and
Bologna. Paris had the leading Hebraist of the period in
Nicholas of Lyra (d.1349), while following him was Bishop
Paul of Burgos (d.1435), a Jewish convert.
[2]
Renaissance
It was not until the end of the 15th century that the Renaissance and the Reformation, while awakening a new interest in the classics, brought about a return to the original text of Scripture and an attempt to understand the later literature of the Jews.
Hieronymus Buslidius, the friend of
Erasmus, gave more than 20,000 francs to establish a Hebrew chair at
Louvain; as the chair of Hebrew at the
University of Paris, Francis offered the chair to
Elijah Levita, the friend of Cardinal
Ægidius of Viterbo, who declined to accept it.
Cardinal Grimani and other dignitaries, both of the state and of the Church, studied Hebrew and the
Kabbalah with Jewish teachers; even the warrior
Guido Rangoni attempted the Hebrew language with the aid of
Jacob Mantino (1526).
Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494) was the first to collect Hebrew manuscripts, and
Reuchlin was the first to write a dictionary and short grammar of the Hebrew language (1506). A more detailed grammar was published by
Otto Walper in 1590. But interest still centered wholly around the Bible and the expository literature immediately connected therewith.
During the whole of the 16th century it was Hebrew grammar and Jewish exegesis that claimed attention. Christian scholars were not ashamed to be the students of Jewish teachers. In fact, one of the most noted Hebraists of this period was
Immanuel Tremellius (1510-1580), born Jewish and converted first to Catholicism and soon thereafter became a Calvinist, producing the main Reformed translation of the Hebrew Bible into Latin (he also translated the New Testament from the Syriac into Latin).
Sebastian Münster (d. 1552) was known as a grammarian;
Pellicanus (d. 1556) and
Pagninius (d. 1541), as lexicographers;
Daniel Bomberg (d. 1549), as a printer of Hebrew books.
Arius Montanus (d. 1598) edited the
Masorah and the Travels of Benjamin of Tudela. Widmanstadt (1523), living in a colony of
Spanish Jewish refugees in
Naples, studied Hebrew with
David ibn Ya'ya and
Baruch of Benevento, and collected the Hebrew manuscripts which formed the basis of the Hebrew division of the Royal Library at Munich. Vatablé (d. 1547) made use of
Rashi's commentary.
Conrad Gesner (d. 1565) was the first Christian to compile a catalogue of Hebrew books;
Jacob Christmann (d. 1613) busied himself with the Jewish calendar, and Drusius (d. 1616) with the ethical writings of the Jews.
17th century
Johannes Buxtorf (d. 1629) marks a turning-point in the study of Jewish literature by Christians. He not only studied the
Targum and the Talmud, but endeavored to understand Jewish history, and he was the first real bibliographer. Women showed an interest:
Anna Maria van Schurman, the "star of the century", in the Dutch Republic;
Dorothy Dury in England;
Queen Christina of Sweden (d. 1689);
Maria Dorothea, consort of the
Duke of Saxe-Weimar;
Elizabeth, daughter of
Frederick of the Palatinate;
Maria Eleanora, wife of
Charles Ludwig of the Palatinate; Antonia, daughter of
Duke Eberhard of Württemberg.
Through Buxtorf a serious attempt was made to understand the post-Biblical literature, and many of the most important works were translated into Latin. In this connection the following names may be mentioned:
Johannes Cocceius (d. 1667);
Constantin L'Empereur (d. 1648);
John Lightfoot (d. 1675);
Johann Leusden (d. 1699); and especially
Surenhuis (1698), who gave a complete translation of the
Mishnah; Jewish theology was studied by Carpzov (d. 1699), Wagenseil (1705; whose letters show how he gathered information), and
Johann Stephan Rittangel (1641); antiquities, by
Samuel Bochart (d. 1667), Hottinger (d. 1667), Hyde (d. 1700),
Trigland (d. 1705), Breithaupt (1707), and
Johann Jakob Schudt (d. 1722). It was a time in which the Christian theologian studied Hebrew and rabbinics before taking up his specific theological study. Hackspan (d. 1659) wrote upon the value to the theologian of studying the works of the Rabbis. Their writings on the Bible were read by Schickard (1635),
Humphrey Hody (d. 1706), and
Richard Simon (d. 1712), while catalogues of Hebrew collections were published by Plantavitius (d. 1651), Le Long (d. 1721), and Montfaucon (d. 1741). Hottinger gave this literature a place in his Bibliotheca Orientalis; Otho (1672) wrote a biographical lexicon of the Mishnah teachers; and Bartolocci's Bibliotheca Rabbinica (1675) was a worthy continuation of these bibliographical labors.
18th century
The first half of the 18th century contains the names of three important scholars.
Jacques Basnage knew no Hebrew, but his L'Histoire de la Religion des Juifs was the first attempt at a complete presentation of the history of Judaism. The Entdecktes Judenthum of
Eisenmenger (d.1704) exhibits a mass of Jewish learning.
Johann Christoph Wolf (d. 1739), who, with the help of the Oppenheimer library, was able to produce his Bibliotheca Hebræa, which laid the foundation for all later works in Hebrew bibliography.
Johann Christian Georg Bodenschatz (d. 1797), though not a scholarly Hebraist, gave an accurate account of Jewish ceremonials. By the side of these stand
Bashuysen (d. 1750), the translator and printer of Hebrew books;
Reland (d. 1718), the first to use Talmudic material for the study of the geography of Palestine; the bibliographers Unger (d. 1719) and Gagnier (d. 1720), who gave Wolf his information regarding the manuscripts in the Bodleian; J. H. Michaelis (d. 1738) and Mai (d. 1732), who compiled a catalogue of the
Uffenbach library; Baratier (d. 1740), the youthful prodigy, who wrote on
Benjamin of Tudela; Mill (d. 1756), who treated rabbinical exegesis; and Wähner (1762), who described Hebrew antiquities.
Biagio Ugolini (1744) is said to have been a converted Jew, and therefore finds no place here. Special mention should be made of
Ezra Stiles, the learned president of
Yale College (1778), certainly the most learned Christian student of post-Biblical Jewish literature that America has produced.
Early 19th century
Towards the end of the 18th century such friends of Hebrew literature became ever rarer. The rise of
Biblical criticism and of the study of other
Semitic languages engaged the whole interest of Semitic scholars.
Even
Rabe, the translator of the
Mishnah into German (d. 1798),
Semmler,
Michaelis,
Tychsen (d. 1815), and
Sylvestre de Sacy (d. 1838) can hardly be mentioned by the side of the humanists of previous centuries. Interest in the text of the Bible caused some work to be done in the collecting of Hebrew manuscripts, especially by
Benjamin Kennicott in England (1776–80) and
Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi in Italy (1784–88). The last-named made a valuable collection of Hebrew manuscripts; and by his side may be mentioned
Joseph Pasinus (or Giuseppe Passini) in
Turin (d. 1749),
Antonio Maria Biscioni in
Florence (d. 1752),
Giuseppe Simone Assemani in Rome, and Ury in
Oxford (d. 1787).
At the universities
The downward trend continued in the first half of the 19th century;
Jewish literature became less and less a subject of investigation by Christians; and when it was studied it was generally for the purpose of forging weapons against the people whose literature it was. This is seen in such works as
A. T. Hartmann's Thesaurus Linguæ Hebr. c Mischna Augendi (1825), in Winer's Biblisches Real Wörterbuch, and even in the works of Hitzig and Ewald. There was no understanding even of the period of
Jewish history during which Christianity arose and developed; and
David Strauss's complaint in regard to this was only too well founded.
During the second half of the 19th century, however, the idea gained currency that there was something to be learned by going back to the sources of this history; but only a very few of the universities made a place for this study in their curricula. At the beginning of the 18th century
David Rudolph of
Liegnitz included Rabbinisch und Chaldäisch among the Oriental languages which he taught at Heidelberg; but he had few imitators; and in the 19th century, apart from a few stray courses, such as
Emil Kautzsch's on
Kimhi at Tübingen, Lagarde's on
Al-Ḥarizi at
Göttingen, and
Strack's on the
Mishnah at Berlin, the whole of
rabbinic literature was ignored by European universities.
Honorable exceptions in this respect were furnished in the universities of
Oxford (where
A. Cowley was sublibrarian of the
Bodleian Library) and
Cambridge (which has produced such scholars as
W. H. Lowe,
Matthews, and
Charles Taylor) in England, and in
Columbia University, the
University of California, the
University of Chicago,
Harvard University, and
Johns Hopkins University, in America. The Jews had been allowed to work out by themselves the new Jewish science (Jüdische Wissenschaft), little attention being paid to that work by others.
In more recent times Christian scholars have given Jewish literature their attention. Abbé
Pietro Perreau has done good service by his many articles on the literature of the Jews in the
Middle Ages and by the assistance he has given to scholars from the Hebrew manuscripts at
Parma;
Martin Hartmann has translated and commentated the "Meteḳ Sefatayim" of
Immanuel Frances (Berlin, 1894);
Thomas Robinson has collected some good material in his The Evangelists and the Mishna (1859).
August Wünsche, in his "Erläuterung der Evangelien aus Midrasch und Talmud" (1878), enlarged the scope of the inquiry begun by Lightfoot; and his translations from the
Midrash opened up the stores of ancient Jewish exegesis. Weber's System der Altsynagogalen Palestinischen Theologie (1880) was, with all its failings, an honest attempt to understand the
theology of the
Synagogue, followed by
Wilhelm Bousset in his Religiondes Judenthums im Neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1903).
Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, should also be mentioned for his publication of
Provençal Jewish poetry.
Late 19th century
The
Institutum Judaicum in
Leipzig, founded by
Franz Delitzsch, and a similar society bearing the same name in Berlin and founded by
Hermann Strack, have attempted, by their various publications, to diffuse in the Christian world a knowledge of Jewish writings.
Gustav Dalman has shown by his philological works on Talmudic grammar and lexicography that he is at home in the rabbinic writings. Hermann Strack in Berlin demands special mention not only for his publications dealing with the literature of the Mishnah and the Talmud, but also on account of the fearless manner in which he has combated
anti-Semitic prejudice, drawing his material directly from the original sources.
Carl Siegfried, in his yearly reports in the Theologischer Jahresbericht, for many years called attention to publications on Jewish subjects, and the mention of such works in the Orientalische Bibliographie has served to bring them more closely to the attention of Christian scholars. The roll of Christian Hebraists in England includes the names of J. W. Etheridge, the author of a popular Introduction to [post-Biblical] Hebrew Literature (1856);
Thomas Chenery, translator of Legends from the Midrash (1877), and editor of Al-Ḥarizi's translation of Ḥariri; and
W. H. Lowe, who edited the Palestinian recension of the Mishnah.
In spite, however, of these facts and of the warning given by Lagarde (Symmicta, ii. 147; Mittheilungen, ii. 165), that in order to understand the Bible text itself a deep study of the
Halakah is necessary, Christian writers on the life of
Jesus continue their disregard of the primary sources. This may be seen in Hausrath's Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte (Kaufmann Gedenkbuch, p. 659), and even in Schürer (Gesch.), who, though making a great advance upon previous efforts, still relies upon second-hand sources for many of the pictures that he draws (see Abrahams in "J. Q. R." xi. 628).
Adolf von Harnack, who, in his Dogmengeschichte (3d ed.), endeavors to do some justice to the rabbis of old, in his Wesen des Christenthums (1900), sustains potential historical inaccuracies from a perhaps selective review of Jewish literature of the relevant period, possibly most noticeable in a lack of regard for the Jewish literature and history during the most recent eighteen hundred years.
[6]
List of Christian Hebraists
The following list of Christian Hebraists includes material taken from the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), compiled upon the basis of Steinschneider's article mentioned in the bibliography below. Christian students of the
Bible more generally were not included, as they may be found in other articles.
A
- Aarhus, Peter Sim. (c. 1711; Hafen ?)
- Abicht, Jo. Ge. (d. 1740;
Wittenberg)
- Adler, Jac. Ge Chr. (d. 1805;
Copenhagen)
-
Ægidius de Viterbo (1471–1532; Italy)
-
Alberta Katherina (17th century; Bohemia)
-
Alfonso de Leon Zamora (16th century)
-
Allixius, Petrus (17th century;
Alençon)
-
Alting, Jacob (17th century;
Groningen, Dutch Republic)
- Amoena Amalia (wife of Duke Louis; d. 1625, Anhalt)
-
Amoena, Louise (princess; 17th century;
Anhalt)
- Anna Sophia, Abbess (c. 1658; Quedlinburg)
- Anna (Weissbrucker) Urban (16th century)
-
Anchersen, Matthias (d. 1741;
Jutland)
-
Anslus, Gerebrard (17th century)
- Antonia, Duchess (d. 1679; Württemberg)
-
Arias Montanus (Benedictine; d. 1598;
Seville)
-
Armengaud Blaise (d. 1312;
Montpellier)
-
Arnd, Joshua (c. 1626;
Güstrow)
-
Arnoldus, Michael (c. 1680; Dutch Republic)
- Asp, Matth. (1696–1763;
Upsala)
-
Assemani, Simon (d. 1821;
Padua)
-
Aubry, Esaias (c. 1730; Berlin ?)
B
-
Bacon, Roger (1214–94; Oxford)
-
Baldi, Bernardino (1553–1617;
Urbino)
-
Baratier, Johann Philipp/Jean-Phillipe (1721–40;
Schwabach)
-
Barozzi, Francesco (d. 1587; Italy)
-
Bartolocci, Giulio (1613–87; Rome)
-
Heinrich Jacob Bashuysen (1679–1750;
Hanau)
-
Baynus, Rudolphus (c. 1554; Paris)
- Beckmann, Jo. Christ. (c. 1677;
Frankfurt-an-der-Oder)
- Becks, Matth. Frid. (1649–1701; Augsburg)
-
Bedwell, William (1561–1632; London)
-
Beelen, Ian Theodor (c. 1841;
Amsterdam)
- Beke, Matth. (c. 1708; Amsterdam)
-
Bellermann, Johann Joachim (1754–1842;
Erfurt)
- Bengel (?), Eric (c. 1692; Sweden)
-
Bernard, Edward (1638–96; Oxford)
- Bircherode, Jan. (1623–86; Copenhagen)
-
Biscioni, Anton. Maria (1674–1756; Florence)
-
Philipp Johann Bleibtreu (c. 1699; Frankfort-on-the-Main)
-
Blesilla (5th century)
-
Bodecker, Stephan (Bishop; c. 1438;
Brandenburg)
- Bohlius, Sam. (1611–89;
Rostock)
-
Borel, Adam, Jun. (1603–67;
Zealand)
- Böschenstein (?), Jo. (b. 1472; Austria)
-
Bourdelot (c. 1619; Paris)
- Breithaupt, Joh. Fred. (1639–1713;
Gotha)
- Brighenti, Gio. Ant. (d. 1702;
Verona)
-
Broughton, Hugh (1549–1612;
Tottenham)
-
Sir Thomas Browne (1605–82)
-
Buddaeus, Jo. Fr. (
Johann Franz Buddeus) (1667–1729; Halle?)
-
Burgonovo, Archangelus (
Minorite; 16th century; Pozzo)
-
Buxtorf, Johannes I. (1564–1629;
Basel)
-
Buxtorf, Johannes II. (1599–1664; Basel)
-
Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1645–1705; Basel)
-
Buxtorf, Johannes Jakob (1663–1732; Basel)
C
- Cademannus, Jos. Rud. (
Johann Rudolf Cademann) (1680–1720;
Pegau)
-
Calonges, Madame de
- Campen, Joh. van (
John van Campen) (1490–1538;
Freiburg-im-Breisgau)
-
Caninius, Angelus (1521–57; Paris)
-
Cappellan, Claud. (d. 1667; Paris)
-
Carpzov, Johann (Benedictine; 1639–99; Leipzig)
-
Cartwright, Christopher (1602–58;
York)
-
Castell, Edmund (1606–85;
Higham Gobion)
- Castro, Joh. Rodriguez de (1739–96;
Madrid)
- Cellarius (?), Jo. (c. 1518)
-
Chenery, Thomas (1826–84; London)
-
Chevalier, Antoine Rodolphe (1523–1572); France)
-
Chiarini, Luigi (Abbé; 1789–1832;
Warsaw)
- Christmann, Jac. (1554–1613; Heidelberg)
-
Chytraeus, D. (c. 1551)
- Cibo—? (wife of Joh. Verano,
Duke of Camerino; 1550)
- Ciselius, Phil. (c. 1696;
Franeker)
- Clanner (J. G. ?) (c. 1726 ?)
- Samuel Clark (c. 1657; Oxford)
-
Clavering, Robert (Bishop; 1671–1747;
Peterborough)
- Clodius, Jo. Chr. (d. 1633; Leipzig)
- Cluverus, Jo. (17th century)
-
Cnollen, Adam Andreas (1674–1714;
Füth)
- Cnollen, Jos. Nicol. (brother of preceding)
-
Coccejus (Koch), Jo. (1603–69;
Leyden)
- Coddaeus, Giul. (
Wilhelmus van der Codde) (1575–1630; Leyden)
- Collin, C. E. (c. 1705;
Giessen)
- Collins, G. (c. 1890; Oxford)
-
Cornaro, Piscopia Cornelia (
Eleonora Lucretia; (1646–1684) ;
Venice)
-
Costus, Petrus (c. 1554)
-
Cotta, Johann Friedrich (1701–79;
Tübingen)
-
Cramer, Anna Maria (1613–27; Magdeburg)
-
Cramer, Johann Jakob (1673–1702;
Zürich)
-
Cramer, Johann Rudolf (1678–1731; Zürich)
- Crenius, Thom. (1648–1728; Leyden)
-
Crocius, Lud. Mich. (c. 1673)
- Croius (?), Jo. (18th century; Oxford)
D
- Dachs, Fried. Bernh. (c. 1726;
Utrecht)
-
Dalmaki, Laurentius (c. 1643;
Hunga)
- Danz, Jo. Andr. (1654–1728;
Jena)
- Dassovius, Theod. (d. 1721;
Wittenberg;
Kiel)
-
Delitzsch, Franz (1813–1890;
Leipzig
- Diogo Correa Coelho (c. 1990; [Born Brazilian]{Australia})
- Disma, P. (c. 1757; Italy)
- Dithmar, Just. Christ. (c. 1706; Dutch Republic?)
- Donatus, Franc. (d. 1635; Rome)
-
Dorothea Maria (wife of
Duke John; 17th century; Saxe-Weimar)
- Dove, John (c. 1746; London)
-
Johannes van den Driesche, "Drusius" (1550–1616; Leyden)
- Drusius, Jo. II. (son of preceding; 1588–1609;
Chichester)
-
John Duncan (1796 Aberdeen – 26 February 1870)
E
F
- Fabricius, Ern. Christ. (c. 1792)
- Fabricius, Fred. (1642–1703; Wittenberg)
-
Fabricius, Johann Albert (1668–1736)
-
Fagius Paul(us) (1504–49;
Cambridge)
- Faust, Jo. Friedr. (c. 1706; Germany)
- Ferrand, Lud. (c. 1640–1700; Paris)
-
Figueiro, Petrusa (c. 1615)
-
Fourmont, Étienne, the elder (1683–1745; Paris)
-
Franciscus, Maria (
Capuchin)
-
Franck, Sebastian (c. 1537;
Ulm)
-
Francke, August Hermann (1663–1727)
- Frey, Jo. Ludw. (1682–1759; Basel)
- Friesen, Henr. Kath. (17th century; Saxony)
- Frommann, Erh. Andr. (1722–74;
Monastery of Berge,
Magdeburg)
-
Fronmüller, Conrad (c. 1679;
Altdorf?)
-
Fuller, Nicol. (1557–1626;
Salisbury)
G
-
Gaffarellus, Jacobus/Jacques Gaffarel (1601–81)
-
Gagnier, Joseph (1670–1740; Oxford)
-
Galatinus, Petrus/Galatino, Pietro Colonna (c. 1518)
- Galle, Joh. (c. 1711; Upsala)
- Gaudia, Barthol. Valverdio (Spain)
- Gaulmyn, Gilb. (d. 1667; France)
-
Gejerus, Martin (1614–80;
Freiberg)
-
Genebrard, Gilbert (1537–97; Samur)
-
Georgius Gentius (1618–87; Freiberg)
-
Gesenius, Wilhelm (1786-1842;
Halle an der Saale)
-
Georgios, Chrysococca (1340-56? Greece)
- Germberg, Herm. (1604)
- Giggeius, Ant. (d. 1632; Milan)
-
Gill, John (1697–1771; London)
-
Graser, Conrad (d. 1613; Germany)
- Groddeck, Gaḅr. (1672–1709; Danzig)
-
Guidacerius (Guidacier), Agathius (c. 1540)
-
Guisius, Gulielmus (1653–90; Oxford)
- Guyenne, De (c. 1625; Paris)
H
-
Habert, Susanna (d. 1633; France)
-
Hackspan, Theodor (1607–59;
Altdorf)
-
Haller, Albert (1708–77;
Bern)
-
Hanel, Melchior (c. 1661;
Prague)
-
Hannecken, Meno (1595–1677;
Marburg
- Hardt, Anton Jul. van der (1707–85;
Helmstädt)
- Hardt, Herm. van der (1660–1746; Helmstädt)
-
Hartmann, Anton Theodor (1774–1838;
Rostock)
- Hartmann, Jo. Phil. (c. 1708)
-
Hartmann, Martin (1851; living; Berlin)
- Havemann, Chris. (17th century)
- Hebenstreit, Johann Chr. (1686–1756; Leipsic)
-
Helenius, Engelbart (c. 1727; Sweden)
-
Helvig, Christoph (1581–1617;
Giessen)
-
Hepburn, James Bonaventure (1573–1621; Scotland)
- Hilpert, Jo. (c. 1651)
- Hinckelmann, Alr. (1652–95; Hamburg)
- Hirt, Jo. Frid. (1719–84; Wittenberg)
-
Hochsteter, Andreas Adam (1668–1717; Tübingen)
-
Holten, Albert (c. 1675; Tübingen)
- Hommel, Car. Ferd. (1722–81; Leipsic)
-
Honorius (Monk; 1452)
-
Hottinger, Johann Heinrich I. (1620–67; Heidelberg)
- Hottinger, Jo. Henr. II. (c. 1704)
- Houting, Henr. (c. 1695)
- Hufnagel, G. F. (c. 1795)
- Huldrich, Jo. Jac. (1683–1731)
-
Hulsius, Anton (d. 1685; Holland)
- Husen, Franc. (c. 1676)
-
Hyde, Thomas (1631–1703; Oxford)
I
J
K
- Keller, Gottl. Wilh. (17th century; Jena [?])
-
Kinghorn, Joseph (1766–1832; Norwich)
-
Kircher, Athanasius (Jesuit; 1602–80; Rome)
-
Knorr, Christian, Baron de Rosenroth (1636–89;
Sulzbach)
- Koccher, Herrm. Fried. (c. 1783; Jena)
-
König, Friedrich Eduard (1846;
Reichenbach)
- König, Sam. (1670–1750; Bern)
- Köppen, Nic. (c. 1709; Greifswald)
-
Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig (1792–1860;
Greifswald)
-
Krafft, Karl (c. 1839;
Ansbach)
-
Kraut, Paul (c. 1703;
Lund)
-
Kyber, David (16th century; Strasburg?)
L
-
Lagarde, Paul de (1827–91; Göttingen)
- Lakemacher, Joh. Gothofr. (1695–1736; Helmstädt)
-
Lange, Jo. Joachim (1670–1744; Halle)
- Lange, W. (c. 1710)
- Langens, Henr. (c. 1720; Dutch Republic)
- Lederlin, Jo. Henr. (1672–1737; Strasburg)
- Lehmann, Ge. Heinrich (1619–99;
Leipsic)
-
Lehmann, Maria Barbara (c. 1700;
Schnekengrün)
-
Leib, Chilian (Prior; 1471–1548;
Rebdorf)
- Le Long, Jac. (1665–1721; Paris)
- Lenz, Jo. Leonh. (c. 1700; Germany)
-
Lepusculus, Sebastian (c. 1516; Germany)
-
Leusden, Johann (1624–99; Utrecht)
-
Leydecker, Melchior (1642–1722;
Utrecht, put on
Index Librorum Prohibitorum by the Catholic Church)
-
Lightfoot, John (1602–75;
Ely)
-
Lipomanni, Marco (c. 1440; Venice)
-
Losa, Isabella (d. 1564; Cordova)
- Loscan, Joh. Frid. (c. 1710; Germany)
- Losius, Jo. Justus (c. 1706; Germany)
- Lowe, W. H. (Cambridge)
-
Ludolf, Susanna Magdalena (c. 1700; Frankfort-on-the-Main)
- Ludwig, Christ. L. (b. 1663,
Landshut; d. 1732)
- Lund, Dan. (b. 1666,
Fogdoë; d. 1746,
Strengnäs)
M
-
McCaul, Alexander (b. 1799,
Dublin; d. 1863, London)
- Mai, Joh. Hen. (1688–1732;
Giessen)
- Malamina, Cæsar (c. 1774; Florence)
- Manfred (?), King (d. 1266; Germany)
-
Mannetti, Giannozzo (b. 1396, Florence; d. 1459, Naples)
- Maria Eleonore (wife of Ludwig Philipp of Pfalz; c. 1669)
- Maria Elizabeth (daughter of
Duke Christian Albrecht; c. 1706;
Schleswig-Holstein)
-
Marchina, Martha (d. 1646;
Naples)
-
Margoliouth, David Samuel (1858–1940) Oxford)
- Margoliouth, G. (living; London)
-
Margoliouth, Moses (b. 1820,
Suwałki; d. 1881, London)
-
Marini, Marco (b. 1541,
Brescia; d. 1594, Brescia)
-
Matthias Aquarius (c. 1581)
-
Matthias, Elias (Germany)
- Meelführer, Rud. Martin (b. 1670,
Ansbach; d. 1729)
- Mercer, Jo. (d. 1570;
Uzès)
- Meyer, Jo. (c. 1693; Dutch Republic)
-
Michaelis, Johann David (1717–1791)
-
Michaelis, Johann Heinrich (1668–1738)
- Midhorp, Joh. (c. 1562)
- Mieg, Jo. Frid. (b. 1700, Marburg; d. 1788,
Heidelberg)
-
Mill, David (b. 1692,
Königsberg; d. 1756, Utrecht)
-
Millard, Alan
-
Molinaea, Maria (17th century)
- Molitor, Christoph. (c. 1659; Altdorf)
-
Molza-Porrino, Tarquinia (d. 1600;
Modena)
-
Bernard de Montfaucon (b. 1655, Soulange; d. 1741, Paris)
-
Moré, Eugène (c. 1837; France)
-
More, Henry (b. 1614, Grantham; d. 1687, Cambridge)
-
Morin, Etienne (b. 1625,
Caen; d. 1700, Amsterdam)
-
Morin, Jean (b. 1591,
Blois; d. 1659, Paris)
- Muhl, Henr. (b. 1666,
Bremen; d. c. 1730, Kiel)
- Muhl, Jos. (
Holstein)
-
Muis, Simon de (b. 1587,
Orléans; d. 1644, Paris)
-
Münster, Sebastian (Minorite; b. 1489,
Ingelheim; d. 1552, Basel)
-
Murner, Thomas (Minorite; b. 1475; d. 1537?)
-
Alexander Murray (b. 1775 Dunkitterick, Galloway; d. 1813 Edinburgh)
- Myerlin, David Fr. (d. 1778; Frankfort-on-the-Main)
N
O
- Odhelius, Laur. (d. 1691; Upsala)
-
Opfergeld, Friedrich (1668–1746;
Breslau)
- Opitius, Paul Friedr. (1684–1745; Kiel)
-
Osterbröck, Aaggaens.
- Otho, Jo. Henr. (d. 1719; Lausanne)
- Ouserl, Phil. (c. 1714; Frankfort-on-the Main)
- Owmann, Mart. Jac. (c. 1705; Germany)
P
-
Pagninus, Xanthus/?Santes Pagnini (b. 1470,
Lucca; d. 1536,
Lyon)
- Palmroot, Jo. (c. 1696; Upsala)
- Pasinus, Jos. (b. 1687, Padua; d. 1770, Turin)
- Pastritius, Jo
-
Paula, Cornelia (d. 408; Rome)
-
Dom Pedro II (
Emperor of Brazil; 1825–91)
-
Pellikan, Konrad (1478–1556; Zürich)
-
Peringer, Gustav (b. 1657; Upsala;
Stockholm)
-
Peritz, Ismar J. (living;
Syracuse, US)
-
Perreau, Pietro (Abbé; living, Parma)
- Pertsch, W. H. F. (c. 1720; Jena)
-
Peter of St. Omer (1296; Paris)
- Petit, Pietro Giov, de (d. 1740; Rome)
-
Petrus de Alexandrica (
Augustinian; 1342)
-
Petrus Montagnana (?) (1478; Italy)
- Pfeiffer, August (b. 27 October 1640,
Lauenburg an der Elbe; d. 11 January 1698,
Lübeck
[7])
-
Pico de la Mirandola (d. 1494; Italy)
- Picques, L. (c. 1670; Paris)
- Pistorius, Jo. Nidanus (b. 1544,
Nidda; d. 1607,
Freiburg im Breisgau)
- Plantavitius, Johannes/Jean VI. Plantavit de la Pause (Bishop; 1625–48;
Lodève)
-
Plato of Tivoli (Plato Tiburtinus, 1116;
Barcelona)
-
Pontacus, Arnold (Bishop; d. 1605;
Bazas)
-
Postel, Guillaume. (b. 1505.
Delorie; d. 1581, Paris)
-
Prache, Hilaric (b. 1614,
Teutschel; d. 1679, London)
-
Prideaux, Humphrey (Dean; b. 1648,
Padstow; d. 1724,
Norwich)
Q
R
- Rabe, Joh. Jac. (1710–98;
Ansbach)
- Rapheleng, Franc. (b. 1539; Lannoy)
-
Raymund Martin/Ramón Martí (Monk; c. 1286)
-
Raymund de Peñaforte (
Dominican; 1175–1275; Barcelona)
-
Reineccius, Chr. (b. 1668,
Großmühlingen; d. 1752,
Weißenfels)
-
Reiske, Johann Jakob (b. 1716,
Zörbig; d. 1774,
Leipzig)
-
Reland, Adrian (b. 1676,
Ryp; d. 1718, Utrecht)
- Rendtorf, Jo. (Hamburg)
-
Reuchlin, Johann (b. 1455,
Pforzheim; d. 1522,
Stuttgart)
- Rezzonius, Franc. (b. 1731,
Como; d. 1780)
-
Rhegius, Urbanus (c. 1535;
Celle)
- Rhenferdius, Jac. (b. 1654, Mühlheim; d. 1712,
Franeker)
- Ritmeier, Chr. Henr. (c. 1697)
-
Rivinius, Tileman Andreas (b. 1601, Halle; d. 1656,
Leipzig)
- Robustellus, Jo. (1655; Rome)
- Rohan, Anna, Princess of (c. 1634)
- Rönnow, Magn. (d. 1690)
-
Rossi, Giovanni Bernardo de (1742–1831; Parma)
S
- Sebutia, Cæcilia (c. 1683; Rome)
- Sigæa, Aloysa (wife of
Alfonso du Guevas; d. 1569;
Toledo)
-
Sacy, Isaac Silvestre de (1758–1838; Paris)
- Salchli (?), Jo. Jac. (b. 1694,
Eggwil; d. 1774, Bern)
-
Saracena, Ludovica (wife of
Marcus Offredus; c. 1606; France)
- Sartorius, Jo. (b. 1656,
Eperies; d. 1729, Danzig)
- Saubert, Jo. (1638–88;
Helmstädt)
- Scheidt, Balth. (1614–70; Strasburg)
-
Scherping, Jacob (c. 1737; Stockholm)
- Scherzer, Jo. Adam (b. 1628, Eger; d. 1683, Leipzig)
-
Schickard, Wilhelm (b. 1592,
Herrenberg; d. 1635, Tübingen)
-
Schindler, Valentin (d. 1604; Wittenberg;
Helmstädt)
- Schmidt, Sebastian (c. 1656;
Strasburg)
-
Schnelle, Sebald (1621–51;
Nuremberg)
- Schoettgen, Jo. Christ. (1687–1751)
- Scholl, J. C. F. (Tübingen)
-
Schotanus, Christ. (b. 1603, Scheng; d. 1671, Franeker)
- Schramm, Jonas Conr. (c. 1700; Helmstädt)
-
Schreckenfuchs, Erasmus Oswald (1511–75; Tübingen)
- Schroeder, Jo. Joachim (1680–1756; Marburg)
-
Schulten, Albert (1686–1750; Dutch Republic)
- Schulten, Car. (c. 1725; Lund)
-
Schulten, Heinrich Albert (1749–93; Dutch Republic)
- Schulten, Jo. Jac. (1716–78; Dutch Republic)
-
Schurman, Anna Maria van (1607–78; Altona)
-
Schwenter, Daniel (1585–1636; Nuremberg)
-
Scotus, Jo. Duns (d. 1308,
Scotland)
- Sebastianus, Aug. Nouzanus (c. 1532; Marburg)
- Seidel, Casp. (c. 1638; Hamburg)
- Seiferheld, J. L. (18th century)
- Seyfried, Christ. (c. 1664)
- Seyfried, Henr. (c. 1663;
Altdorf)
-
Sgambatus, Scipio (c. 1703; Italy)
-
Sheringham, Robert (b. 1602,
Guestwick; d. 1678, Cambridge)
- Siegfried, Carl (b. 1830,
Magdeburg; d. Jena)
-
Smith, Thomas (b. 1638, London; d. 1710)
- Sommer, Gottfr. Chris. (c. 1734; Gotha)
- Sonneschmid, Jo. Just. (c. 1719; Jena?)
- Spalding, G. L. (b. 1762, Barth; d. 1811, Friedrichsfelde)
- Sprecher, Jo. Died. (c. 1703; Helmstädt)
-
Springer, Daniel (1656–1708; Breslau)
- Staemmen, Christoph. van (c. 1661;
Preza-Holsatus?)
-
Starke, Heinrich Benedict (b. 1672, Engelen; d. 1717, Leipsic)
- Steinmetz, Joh. Andr. (b. 1689, Gr.
Knicymtzd; d. 1762)
-
Strack, Herrmann L. (living; Berlin)
- Stridzberg, Nic. H. (c. 1731; Lund)
- Struvius, Jo. Jul. (c. 1697; Germany)
- Stucki, Johann Wilhelm (b. 1542, Zurich; d. 1607, Zurich)
-
Surenhuys, Willem (d. 1729; Amsterdam)
- Svetonio, Agost. (Italy)
T
U
V
-
Bartolomè Valverde y Gandìa
Bartholomaeus Valverdius (Spain)
- Varen, Aug. (d. 1684; Rostock)
-
Vatablé/Watebled, François (d. 1547; Paris)
-
Vehe, Matthias (d.1590)
- Vinding, Jo. Paul (c. 1633; Dutch Republic ?)
-
Voorst, Dick Cornelis van (b. 1751, Delft; d. 1833, Amsterdam)
-
Voss, Dionysius (b. 1612,
Dordrecht; d. 1633, Amsterdam)
- Voysin (
Vicinus), Jos. de (c. 1635; Paris)
W
-
Wagenseil, Helena Sybilla (c. 1700; Altendorf)
-
Wagenseil, Johann Christoph (1635–1703;
Altdorf)
-
Wakefield, Robert (d. 1537; Oxford)
-
Wallin, Georg (c. 1722; Holm)
-
Walper, Otto (Latin: Otho Gualtperius) (1543-1624;
Marburg)
- Walter, Jo. (c. 1710)
- Walther, Christ. (c. 1705; Königsberg)
-
Warner, Levin (d. 1663; Dutch Republic)
-
Weiganmeier, Georg (1555–99; Tübingen)
-
John Wemyss (c. 1579–1636)
- Wessel, Joh. (
John Wessel Goesport) (b. 1419, Groningen; d. 1489)
-
Widmannstetter, Johann Albrecht (b. 1500; d. 1559,
Wellingen)
-
Wilkins, David (b. 1685; d. 1748, Hadleigh)
- Winckler, Jo. Fried. (b. 1679, Wertheim; d. 1738, Germany)
- Winer, Jo. Ge. Bened. (1789–1858; Leipsic)
- Witter, Henr. Bernh. (c. 1703; Germany)
-
Woeldicke, Marcus (1699–1750; Copenhagen)
- Wolf (?), Georg (c. 1557; Grimma)
- Wolf, Jo. Christoph. (1688–1739; Hamburg)
- Wolf, Jo. W. (d. 1571; Gera)
- Wolph (?), Jo. Hac. (Zürich)
-
Wotton, William (1666–1720; London)
-
Johann Wülfer (1651–1724; Nuremberg)
-
Wünsche, August (living; Dresden)
Z
See also
References
-
^ Philippe Bobichon, Comment Justin a-t-il acquis sa connaissance exceptionnelle des exégèses juives (contenus et méthodes) ?, Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie, 139, 2007, pp. 101-126
online ; Philippe Bobichon, L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr, Revue des Études Augustiniennes 45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259
online
- ^
a
b
c
d
e Aryeh Grabois, "Christian Hebraists", in
Joseph Strayer (ed.), The Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983), vol. 3, pp. 313–14.
-
^ E. F. Sutcliffe, "The Venerable Bede's Knowledge of Hebrew", Biblica 16 3 (1935): 300–06.
-
^ For instance,
Raymond Martini. See: Philippe Bobichon,
"[Ramon Martí, Pugio fidei] Le manuscrit Latin 1405 de la Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (Paris), autographe et œuvre d’un converti", in: Ramon Martís Pugio Fidei. Studies and Texts, Santa Coloma de Queralt, 2017, pp. 39-101.
-
^ The "Magister Andreas, natione Anglus" mentioned by
Roger Bacon, and identified by S. R. Hirsch with an
Augustinian friar who lived about 1150, must at least have been able to read the
Bible in the Hebrew original.
-
^
Felix Perles, Was Lehrt Uns Harnack?'
Frankfurt-am-Main (1902)
-
^ Cf.
August Pfeiffer (Poet), retrieved on 22 April 2010.
Bibliography
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain:
Richard Gottheil (1901–1906).
"Christian Hebraist". In
Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.).
The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
The bibliography of that article is below:
-
Moritz Steinschneider, Christliche Hebraisten, in Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl. i. 50 et seq.;
-
Gesenius, Gesch. der Hebr. Sprache, passim, Leipsic, 1815;
-
Zunz, Z. G. pp. 1 et seq. (re-published in G. S. i. 41 et seq.);
- L. Geiger, Studium der Hebraisch Sprache in Deutschland, Breslau, 1870;
- J. Perles, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Hebraisch und Aramaisch Studien, pp. 154 et seq.;
-
Meyer Kayserling, Les Hébraisants Chrétiens, in R. E. J. xx. 264 et seq.;
- Kaufmann, Die Vertretung der Jüden Wissenschaft an den Universitäten, in Monatsschrift, xxxix. 145 et seq.;
- S. A. Hirsch, Early English Hebraists, in J. Q. R. xii. 34 et seq.;
- Kauffmann, Jacob Mantino, in R. E. J. xxvii. 30 et seq. (comp. J. Q. R. ix. 500);
- E. Sachau, Orientalische Philologie, in Die Deutschen Universitäten, p. 520, Berlin, 1893;
-
William Rosenau, Semitic Studies in American Colleges, Chicago, 1896;
-
Moritz Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xx. 65 et seq.;
- Kayserling, A Princess as Hebraist, in J. Q. R. ix. 509.G.
External links