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These mollusks are also sometimes commonly known as '''sea cradles''' or "coat-of-mail shells". They are also sometimes referred to more formally as '''loricates''', '''polyplacophorans''', and rarely as '''polyplacophores'''.
These mollusks are also sometimes commonly known as '''sea cradles''' or "coat-of-mail shells". They are also sometimes referred to more formally as '''loricates''', '''polyplacophorans''', and rarely as '''polyplacophores'''.


Chitons have a shell which is composed of eight separate shell plates or [[Valve (mollusc)|valves]]. These plates overlap somewhat at the front and back edges, and yet the plates articulate well with one another. Because of this, although the plates provide good protection for impacts from above, they nonetheless permit the chiton to flex upward when needed for locomotion over uneven surfaces, and also the animal can slowly curl up into a ball when it is dislodged from the underlying surface. The shell plates are surrounded by a structure known as a [[girdle (chiton)|girdle]].
Chitons have a shell which is composed of eight separate shell plates or [[Valve (mollusc)|valves]]. These plates overlap somewhat at the front and back edges, and yet the plates articulate well with one another. Because of this, although the plates provide good protection for impacts from above, they nonetheless permit the chiton to flex upward when needed for locomotion over uneven surfaces, and also the animal can slowly curl up into a ball when it is dislodged from the underlying surface. The shell plates are surrounded by a structure known as a [[valve (chiton)|girdle]].


==Distribution==
==Distribution==

Revision as of 01:27, 20 April 2009

This article is about the mollusc. For the ancient Greek article of dress see chiton (costume).

Chiton
Temporal range: Devonian–Recent[1][2]
Lined chiton, Tonicella lineata. The anterior end of the animal is to the right
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Subkingdom:
Metazoa
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Polyplacophora

Chitons (Template:PronEng) are small to large, primitive marine mollusks in the class Polyplacophora. There are 900 to 1,000 extant species of chitons in the class, which was formerly known as Amphineura[3].

These mollusks are also sometimes commonly known as sea cradles or "coat-of-mail shells". They are also sometimes referred to more formally as loricates, polyplacophorans, and rarely as polyplacophores.

Chitons have a shell which is composed of eight separate shell plates or valves. These plates overlap somewhat at the front and back edges, and yet the plates articulate well with one another. Because of this, although the plates provide good protection for impacts from above, they nonetheless permit the chiton to flex upward when needed for locomotion over uneven surfaces, and also the animal can slowly curl up into a ball when it is dislodged from the underlying surface. The shell plates are surrounded by a structure known as a girdle.

Distribution

Chitons live worldwide, in cold water and in the tropics. Most of them inhabits intertidal or subtidal zones and does not extend beyond the photic zone.

Morphology

General anatomy

Chitons lack a differentiated head; their nervous system resembles a dispersed ladder.[4]

Senses

Chitons see with their aesthetes.

Further information: Aesthete (chiton)

Some also have ocellus-like eyes. There is a relatively good fossil record of chiton shells, but ocelli are only present in those dating to 10 million years ago or younger; this would make the ocelli, whose precise function is unclear, the most recent eyes to evolve.[2]

Shell

Part of a series on
Seashells
Mollusc shells
About mollusc shells
Other seashells
Loose valves or plates of Chiton tuberculatus from the beachdrift on Nevis, West Indies. Head plates at the top, tail plates at the bottom

Chitons have shells made up of eight overlapping calcareous (aragonite) valves held together and surrounded by a girdle. In many species the surface of the girdle is covered in, or decorated with, scales, hair-like protrusions, or glassy bristles.

The front seven shells develop simultaneously, with the rear shell being added later in the developmental process. Growth lines are formed each winter.[5]

After a chiton dies, the individual valves which make up the 8-part shell come apart because the girdle is no longer holding them together, and then the plates sometimes wash up in beach drift. The individual shelly plates from a chiton are sometimes known as "butterfly shells" because of their shape.

The most anterior plate is crescent shaped, and is known as the cephalic plate (or head plate, although chitons don't have a head). The most posterior plate is known as the anal plate (or the tail plate, although chitons don't have a tail.)

Habitat

File:Chiton tuberculatus with Nerita tessellata.jpg
Two individuals of Acanthopleura granulata on a rock at high tide level in Guadeloupe

These mollusks live on hard surfaces, such as on or under rocks, or in rock crevices. Some species live quite high in the intertidal zone and are exposed to the air and light for long periods. Others live subtidally. A few species live in deep water, as deep as 6,000 m (about 20,000 ft).

It is worth pointing out that chitons as a molluscan class are exclusively and fully marine. This is in contrast to the bivalves which were able to adapt to brackish water and freshwater, and the gastropods which were able to make successful transitions to freshwater and terrestrial environments.

Culinary uses

Chitons are eaten in Tobago and were eaten by native Americans of the Pacific coasts of both North and South America. The foot of the chiton is prepared in a manner similar to abalone.

Life habits

Cryptoconchus porosus, a butterfly chiton, with its valves completely covered by the mantle

A chiton creeps along slowly on a muscular foot, and can cling to rocks very powerfully, like a limpet.

Chitons eat algae, bryozoans, diatoms and sometimes bacteria by scraping the rocky substrate with their well-developed radula.

A few species of chitons are predatory, such as the small western Pacific species Placiphorella velata. These predatory chitons have an enlarged anterior girdle. They catch other small invertebrates, such as shrimp and possibly even small fish, by holding the girdle up off the surface and then clamping down on the unsuspecting, shelter-seeking prey.

Some chitons exhibit homing behavior, returning to the same spot for the daylight hours and roaming around at night to feed.

Predators

Animals which prey on chitons include seagulls, seastars, crabs, lobster and fish

The largest species

The largest chiton (up to 33 cm in length) is the brick-red gumboot chiton of the Pacific Northwest. In this species the valves are completely internal.

Anatomy

Ontogeny of Polyplacophora: First image is trochophore, second is stadium in metamorphosis, third is juvenile Polyplacophora.

The calcareous valves that chitons carry dorsally are protective, made wholly of aragonite,[6] and variously colored, patterned, smooth or sculptured. The shell is divided into eight articulating valves embedded in the tough muscular girdle that surrounds the chiton's body. This arrangement allows chitons to roll into a protective ball when dislodged and to cling tightly to even irregular surfaces.

The girdle is often ornamented with spicules, bristles, hairy tufts, spikes, or snake-like scales. The majority of the body is a snail-like foot, but no head or other soft-parts beyond the girdle are visible from the dorsal side.

The underside of the gumboot chiton, Cryptochiton stelleri, showing the foot in the center, surrounded by the gills and mantle. The mouth is visible above and to the left of the foot.

Between the body and the girdle, there is a mantle cavity, connected to the outside by two water channels. The one on the side is the incurrent water channel. The one attached to the anus is the excurrent water channel. [1]

The gills hang down into the mantle cavity, usually near the anus. An anterior head has a mouth containing a tongue-like structure called a radula, which has numerous rows of usually 17 teeth each. The teeth are coated with magnetite, a ferric/ferrous oxide mineral that hardens the teeth. The radula is used to scrape microscopic algae off the substratum.

Evolutionary origins

Chitons have a relatively good fossil record, stretching back 400 million years[2] to the Devonian. Before this, some organisms have been interpreted (tentatively) as stem-group polyplacophora; the record of polyplacophora stretches back to the Ordovician.[7]

Separate plates from Matthevia, a Late Cambrian polyplacophoran from the Hellnmaria Member of the Notch Peak Limestone, Steamboat Pass, southern House Range, Utah. The US coin is 19 mm in diameter

Kimberella and Wiwaxia of the Precambrian and Cambrian may be related to ancestral polyplacophora. Matthevia is a Late Cambrian polyplacophoran preserved as individual pointed valves, and sometimes considered to be a chiton.[1] Based on this and co-occurring fossils, one plausible hypothesis for the origin of polyplacophora has that they formed when an aberrant monoplacophoran was born with multiple centres of calcification, rather than the usual one. Selection quicly acted on the resultant conical shells to form them to overlap into protective armour; their original cones are homologous to the tips of the plates of modern chitons.[1]

History of the scientific investigation of chitons

Chitons were first studied by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. Since his description of the first four species, chitons have been variously classified. They were called Cyclobranchians ("round arm") in the early 19th century, and then grouped with the aplacophorans in the subphylum Amphineura in 1876. The class Polyplacophora was named by J. E. Gray in 1821.

Etymology

The English name "chiton" originates from the Latin word chitōn, which means "mollusk", and in turn is derived from the Greek word "khitōn", meaning tunic (which also is the source of the word chitin). The Greek word "khitōn" can be traced to the Central Semitic word "*kittan", which is from the Akkadian words "kitû" or "kita’um", meaning flax or linen, and originally the Sumerian word "gada" or "gida".[2]

The Greek-derived name Polyplacophora comes from the words poly- (many), plako- (tablet), and -phoros (bearing), a reference to the chiton's eight shell plates.

Taxonomy

Most classification schemes in use today are based, at least in part, on Pilsbry's Manual of Conchology (1892-1894), extended and revised by Kaas and Van Belle (1985-1990).

Since chitons were first described by Linnaeus (1758) there have been extensive taxonomic studies at the species level. However, the taxonomic classification at higher levels in the group has remained somewhat unsettled.

The most recent classification (Sirenko 2006) is based not only on shell morphology, as usual, but also other important features including aesthetes, girdle, radula, gills, glands, egg hull projections and spermatozoids. It includes all the living and extinct genera of chitons.

This system is now generally accepted.

References

  1. ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1126/science.186.4161.311, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1126/science.186.4161.311 instead.
  2. ^ a b c Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1 instead.
  3. ^ "Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  4. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1 instead.
  5. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/BF01612371, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/BF01612371 instead.
  6. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/hlca.200390096, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1002/hlca.200390096 instead.
  7. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0701, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0701 instead.
  • Sirenko BI. New outlook on the system of chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Venus, 65 (1-2): 27-49, 2006

External links

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