He studied sculpture with
Frederick Ruckstull at the Artist-Artisan Institute in New York City. He also taught there. He worked for a while as an apprentice to
John Quincy Adams Ward.
^McCue, George, Photographs by David Finn and Amy Binder, ‘’Sculpture City: St. Louis, Sculpture in the “Gateway to the West”’’, Hudson Hills Press, NY, and Laumeier Sculpture Park, St. Louis, 1988 pp.62-64
^Opitz, Glenn B., Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Books, Poughkeepsie, NY, 1988
^Architect of the Capitol, Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, United States Printing Office, Washington 1965 p. 210
^Bzdak, Meredith Arms and Douglas Peterson, photographs, Public Sculpture in New Jersey: Monuments to Collective Identity, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1999 p.11