Cervical polyp | |
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Cervical polyp on ultrasound | |
Specialty | Gynecology |
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. [2] They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer. They are most common in post- menarche, pre- menopausal women who have been pregnant.
Cervical polyps often show no symptoms. [3] Where there are symptoms, they include intermenstrual bleeding, abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding ( menorrhagia), vaginal bleeding in post- menopausal women, bleeding after sex and thick white vaginal or yellowish discharge ( leukorrhoea). [4] [5] [6] [7]
The cause of cervical polyps is uncertain, but they are often associated with inflammation of the cervix. [8] They may also occur as a result of raised levels of estrogen or clogged cervical blood vessels. [4]
Cervical polyps can be seen during a pelvic examination as red or purple projections from the cervical canal. [4] Diagnosis can be confirmed by a cervical biopsy which will reveal the nature of the cells present. [4]
Cervical polyps are finger-like growths, generally less than 1 cm in diameter. [4] [5] They are generally bright red in colour, with a spongy texture. [3] They may be attached to the cervix by a stalk (pedunculated) and occasionally prolapse into the vagina where they can be mistaken for endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids. [5]
Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps. [9] They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off. [4] The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation. [4] If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed. [4]
99% of cervical polyps will remain benign and 1% will at some point show neoplastic change. [10] Cervical polyps are unlikely to regrow. [4]
Cervical polyps are most common in women who have had children and perimenopausal women. [3] They are rare in pre-menstrual girls and uncommon in post-menopausal women. [7]
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