A buffer stop, bumper, bumping post, bumper block or stopblock (US), is a device to prevent
railway vehicles from going past the end of a physical section of
track.
The design of the buffer stop is dependent, in part, on the kind of couplings that the railway uses, since the
coupling gear is the first part of the vehicle that the buffer stop touches. The term "buffer stop" is of British origin, since railways in
Great Britain principally use
buffer-and-screw couplings between vehicles.
Types
Several different types of buffer stop have been developed. They differ depending on the type of coupler used and on the intended application.
Buffer stops with
anticlimbers. These are particularly important for passenger railway applications, because the anticlimbers reduce the likelihood of
telescoping of the
railroad cars during a head-on impact.
Buffer stops with traditional "
buffers" on either side
Hydraulic buffer stops
Friction buffer stops (bolted down to the rail)
If there is extra room behind the bumper block, there is usually a sand or ballast drag that is designed to further retard a runaway train. One such accident occurred when a Northern City Line train powered past the bumper block at
Moorgate station in 1975 on the
London Underground system.
Energy-absorbing
Largely because of its mass, a train transfers an enormous amount of
kinetic energy in a collision with a buffer stop. Rigid buffers can safely cope only with very low-speed impacts. (i.e., nearly stationary). To improve stopping performance, a way of dissipating this energy is needed, through compression or friction. Following a buffer stop accident at
Frankfurt am Main in 1902, the Rawie company developed a large range of energy-absorbing buffer stops. Similar hydraulic buffer stops were developed by
Ransomes & Rapier in the UK.[citation needed]
Wheel stops or car stops are used to stop small numbers of light vehicles at the end of level storage
tracks or to chock individual
railroad cars on shallow
grades.[2][3][4][5][6]
1902 –
Frankfurt am Main,
Germany – Serious buffer stop collision inspires development of Rawie range of energy-absorbing buffer stops.
27 July 1903 –
Glasgow, Scotland – A train arriving at the St Enoch terminal station failed to stop in time and
collided heavily with the buffer stop, sustaining severe damage. Sixteen people were killed, 13 instantaneously and 3 at a later time due to injuries received. 64 people were injured, of which 17 required hospital treatment.
28 February 1975 –
Moorgate Underground rail crash – 43 killed, 74 injured – buffer stop collision made far worse by small size "tube" train running into large dimensioned dead-end tunnel beyond. The tunnel could accommodate full-size surface stock thus permitting the smaller train to concertina inside the tunnel.
13 April 1978 –
Budapest,
Hungary – commuter train overruns a buffer stop owing to brake failure and crashes into the station building. 16 killed, 25 injured.[7]
22 February 2012 –
Buenos Aires,
Argentina –
a commuter train collided with buffer stops at a train station in Buenos Aires during the morning rush hour. The accident killed 51 people and injured more than 700 in Argentina's worst rail accident in 30 years.[8] The buffer stops do not absorb energy.
15 January 2013 –
Saltsjöbaden,
Sweden – A train parked with the train control lever at "Full throttle" was set in motion when a cleaner closed the door on a four-car
EMU commuter train in Neglinge depot. It reached 80 km/h and demolished a buffer stop at Saltsjöbaden station before
crashing into a small apartment block beyond the end of the track, badly injuring the cleaning lady.[9]
13 August 2014 –
Manila,
Philippines – A southbound
MRTC 3000 class train of the
MRT Line 3 lost power while departing
Magallanes station, prompting a second train to be sent to push the train to
Taft Avenue station. However, the unpowered train suddenly decoupled while in motion and overshot the retarding buffer at Taft Avenue station. As a result, the train derailed onto
Taft Avenue, causing multiple injuries. An investigation by the
Department of Transportation and Communications showed that standard coupling procedures were not followed and that the runaway train did not use its
automatic brakes as it was unpowered, adding that the retarding buffer at the station was only designed to handle a maximum speed of 15 kilometers per hour (9.3 mph).[10]
20 March 2015 –
Uttar Pradesh,
India – The
Dehradun-
VaranasiJanata Express derailed near
Bachhrawan, resulting in at least fifty-eight deaths and 150 people being injured. The driver reported by radio that the brakes on the train had failed, and that he could not stop the train. It was diverted into a siding and
crashed through the buffers at Bachhrawan.[11]
29 September 2016 –
Hoboken, New Jersey – The
cab car of a NJ Transit
Pascack Valley Line commuter train entering Hoboken Terminal
overran the buffer block on track five at 8:45 am. The train continued across the low-level passenger concourse connecting the platforms and slammed into a wall of the terminal building, causing serious structural damage. One person was killed and more than 100 were injured.
13 March 2021 –
Kirkby, United Kingdom – A Class 507 electric multiple unit operated by Merseyrail
collided with the buffer stop. The only injury was the driver of the train. The cause was found to be that the driver was using a mobile phone whilst driving. The distraction led him to enter the station at excessive speed. He was fired and prosecuted, pleading guilty to a charge of endangering the safety of people on the railway.