| Bracovirus | |
|---|---|
Virus classification
| |
| (unranked): | Viriform |
| Family: | Polydnaviriformidae |
| Genus: | Bracoviriform |
| Synonyms | |
|
Bracoviriform
| |
Bracovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Polydnaviridae. Bracoviruses are an ancient symbiotic virus contained in parasitic braconid wasps that evolved off of the nudivirus about 190 million years ago and has been evolving at least 100 million years. [1] It is one of two genera belonging to the Polydnaviridae family, Ichnovirus being the other genus. There are 32 species in this genus. [2] [3]
Symbiosis
Parasitoid wasps in the subfamilies Microgastrinae, Miracinae, Cheloninae, Cardiochilinae, Khoikhoiinae, and Mendesellinae are the natural hosts for Bracoviruses, though the virus does not cause disease in these wasps. Instead, the wasps are themselves parasites of lepidoptera. The wasp injects one or more eggs into its lepidoptera host along with a quantity of virus. The virus does not replicate inside the wasp's host, but expression of viral genes prevents its immune system from killing the wasp's egg and causes other physiological alterations that ultimately cause the parasitized host to die. [2] Studies conducted on Cotesia congregata have shown that male wasps do contain proviral sequences of DNA, but the females are the ones responsible for the amplification of the viral DNA. [4]
Taxonomy
The genus Bracovirus contains the following 32 species; ICTV version 1999a-2020: [5]
- Apanteles crassicornis bracovirus
- Apanteles fumiferanae bracovirus
- Ascogaster argentifrons bracovirus
- Ascogaster quadridentata bracovirus
- Cardiochiles nigriceps bracovirus
- Chelonus altitudinis bracovirus
- Chelonus blackburni bracovirus
- Chelonus inanitus bracovirus
- Chelonus insularis bracovirus
- Chelonus near curvimaculatus bracovirus
- Chelonus texanus bracovirus
- Cotesia congregata bracovirus
- Cotesia flavipes bracovirus
- Cotesia glomerata bracovirus
- Cotesia hyphantriae bracovirus
- Cotesia kariyai bracovirus
- Cotesia marginiventris bracovirus
- Cotesia melanoscela bracovirus
- Cotesia rubecula bracovirus
- Cotesia schaeferi bracovirus
- Diolcogaster facetosa bracovirus
- Glyptapanteles flavicoxis bracovirus
- Glyptapanteles indiensis bracovirus
- Glyptapanteles liparidis bracovirus
- Hypomicrogaster canadensis bracovirus
- Hypomicrogaster ectdytolophae bracovirus
- Microplitis croceipes bracovirus
- Microplitis demolitor bracovirus
- Phanerotoma flavitestacea bracovirus
- Pholetesor ornigis bracovirus
- Protapanteles paleacritae bracovirus
- Tranosema rostrale bracovirus
The genus Bracoviriform contains the following 31 species starting ICTV version 2021 [3]
- Bracoviriform altitudinis
- Bracoviriform argentifrontis
- Bracoviriform blackburni
- Bracoviriform canadense
- Bracoviriform congregatae
- Bracoviriform crassicornis
- Bracoviriform croceipedis
- Bracoviriform curvimaculati
- Bracoviriform demolitoris
- Bracoviriform ectdytolophae
- Bracoviriform facetosae
- Bracoviriform flavicoxis
- Bracoviriform flavipedis
- Bracoviriform flavitestaceae
- Bracoviriform fumiferanae
- Bracoviriform glomeratae
- Bracoviriform hyphantriae
- Bracoviriform inaniti
- Bracoviriform indiense
- Bracoviriform insularis
- Bracoviriform kariyai
- Bracoviriform liparidis
- Bracoviriform marginiventris
- Bracoviriform melanoscelae
- Bracoviriform nigricipitis
- Bracoviriform ornigis
- Bracoviriform paleacritae
- Bracoviriform quadridentatae
- Bracoviriform rubeculae
- Bracoviriform schaeferi
- Bracoviriform texani
Structure
Viruses in Bracovirus are enveloped, with prolate ellipsoid and cylindrical geometries. Genomes are circular and segmented, around 2.0-31kb in length. The genome of the virus is enveloped with 35 double stranded DNA (dsDNA) all of which are circular. [2] [4]
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bracovirus | Prolate ellipsoid | Enveloped | Circular | Segmented |
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export. Transmission routes are parental. [2]
The replication of the Bracoviriform occurs within the ovaries of a parasitic wasps in calyx cells and is maintained by vertical transmission and to go into further detail the packaged genome of dsDNA is replicated inside of the wasp ovaries by development of the sequences of the virus from proviral segments in the tandem arrays in the wasp genome. The development of the sequences of Bracoviriform shows head-to-head and tail-to-tail sequences, which is unexpected, given that it has evolved from the nudivirus [4] The research conducted on Cotesia congregata shows that the viral genome contains one to three proviral segments. [4]
The virus like particle is transmitted into a lepidopteran host (a caterpillar) and infects and manipulates the physiology of the caterpillar so that it can be used as a living incubator for wasp larvae. When this happens the virus disrupts the caterpillar's immune system causing paralysis and inhibiting the pupating of the host. The arresting of the host increases the chance of success of the wasp larva developing successfully. [1]
| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bracoviriform | Parasitoid wasps (Braconidae) | Hemocytes; fat bodies | Unknown | Lysis; budding | Nucleus | Nucleus | Unknown |
References
- ^ a b "Oldest Viruses Infected Insects 300 Million Years Ago". Live Science. 12 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2022 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d Louis, F.; Bezier, A.; Periquet, G.; Ferras, C.; Drezen, J.-M.; Dupuy, C. (2013). "The Bracovirus Genome of the Parasitoid Wasp Cotesia congregata is Amplified within 13 Replication Units, Including Sequences Not Packaged in the Particles" (PDF). Journal of Virology. 87 (17): 9649–9660. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00886-13. PMC 3754133. PMID 23804644.
- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2023.