Both/and is an academic concept which refers to a form of reasoning which resists binary or either/or styles of thinking. [1] [2]
Unlike dualistic styles of reasoning, both/and means that between two options, both can be valid, or that their opposition may present opportunities for dialectical synthesis, rather than a complete rejection of one of the premises in favor of the other.
Both/and is associated with dialectical thinking, which means investigating contradictions in order to attain higher understanding. However, it also appears in broader systems of thought, such as the concept of nondualism, in which the distinction between self and other is transcended. [3] [4]
The term has been used in a texts on management, literary theory, classroom research, religious studies, methodology, and international relations. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
References
- ^ Strawser, Michael (1996-12-31). Both/And: Reading Kierkegaard- From Irony to Edification. Fordham University Press. doi: 10.1515/9780823295197. ISBN 978-0-8232-9519-7.
- ^ Bell, Jeffrey A. (2006). Philosophy at the edge of chaos: Gilles Deleuze and the philosophy of difference. Toronto Studies in Philosophy. Toronto: University of Toronto press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9409-4.
- ^ Potter, Karl H.; Loy, David (1991). "Nonduality. A Study in Comparative Philosophy". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 51 (3): 733. doi: 10.2307/2107905. ISSN 0031-8205. JSTOR 2107905.
- ^ Griebel, Oliver (2019). "Nonduality-Non/duality-Many-One Duality". Integral Review: A Transdisciplinary & Transcultural Journal for New Thought, Research, & Praxis. 15 (1).
- ^ Smith, Wendy K.; Lewis, Marianne W. (2022). Both/and thinking: embracing creative tensions to solve your toughest problems. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press. ISBN 978-1-64782-104-3.
- ^ Friedman, Susan Stanford (2017). "Both/And: Critique and Discovery in the Humanities". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 132 (2): 344–351. doi: 10.1632/pmla.2017.132.2.344. ISSN 0030-8129. S2CID 148781703.
- ^ Andermahr, Sonya (2018-09-15). "Both/And Aesthetics: Gender, Art, and Language in Brigid Brophy's In Transit and Ali Smith's How to Be Both". Contemporary Women's Writing. 12 (2): 248–263. doi: 10.1093/cww/vpy001. ISSN 1754-1476.
- ^ Casile, Maureen; Hoover, Kristine F.; O'Neil, Deborah A. (2011-03-15). Millican, Juliet (ed.). "Both-and, not either-or: knowledge and service-learning". Education + Training. 53 (2/3): 129–139. doi: 10.1108/00400911111115672. ISSN 0040-0912.
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^ "The Secular Sacred: In between or both/and?", Social Identities Between the Sacred and the Secular, Routledge, pp. 163–178, 2016-04-01,
doi:
10.4324/9781315609454-20 (inactive 31 January 2024)
{{ citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 ( link) - ^ Probst, Barbara (2016-03-08). "Both/and: researcher as participant in qualitative inquiry". Qualitative Research Journal. 16 (2). doi: 10.1108/qrj-06-2015-0038. ISSN 1443-9883.
- ^ Ovadia, Jesse Salah (2013). "Accumulation with or without dispossession? A 'both/and' approach to China in Africa with reference to Angola". Review of African Political Economy. 40 (136). doi: 10.1080/03056244.2013.794724. ISSN 0305-6244. S2CID 154882479.
- ^ Thorp, H. Holden (2020-05-15). "Both/and problem in an either/or world". Science. 368 (6492): 681. Bibcode: 2020Sci...368..681T. doi: 10.1126/science.abc6859. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32385099.