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Group of fungi
Black yeasts , sometimes also black fungi , dematiaceous fungi , microcolonial fungi or meristematic fungi
[1] is a diverse group of slow-growing
microfungi which reproduce mostly
asexually (
fungi imperfecti ). Only few genera reproduce by
budding cells , while in others
hyphal or meristematic (isodiametric) reproduction is preponderant.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] Black yeasts share some distinctive characteristics, in particular a dark colouration (
melanisation ) of their
cell wall .
Morphological plasticity, incrustation of the cell wall with melanins and presence of other protective substances like
carotenoids and
mycosporines
[6] represent passive physiological adaptations which enable black fungi to be highly resistant against
environmental stresses .
[7] The term "
polyextremotolerance " has been introduced to describe this phenotype, an example of which is the species
Aureobasidium pullulans .
[8] Presence of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene melanin in the cell wall
[9] confers to the microfungi their characteristic olivaceous to dark brown/black colour.
The consortium comprises two
phylogenetically very different fungal groups.
[10]
[11] Many are found in the orders
Capnodiales ,
Dothideales , and
Pleosporales (class
Dothideomycetes ). These black fungi mostly have an extremotolerant life style. Many representatives of this group can colonize bare rocks, e.g. in the Mediterranean basin or in hot and cold dry deserts, and are therefore referred to as rock-inhabiting fungi ,
[10]
[11] or occur in salterns.
[12] These black yeasts are believed to be the most resistant
eukaryotic organisms known to-date.
[7] They were firstly described in the early 80s by three almost concomitant seminal research articles.
[13]
[14]
[15] Members of
Chaetothyriales (class
Eurotiomycetes )
[10]
[11] are found in
hydrocarbon -rich environments or in nutrient-poor, moist indoor environments, and may occur as
opportunistic pathogens of vertebrate hosts, such as
Exophiala (Wangiella ) dermatitidis .
[16] Several species are associated with
lichens
[17]
[18] as well as other
phototrophs
[19] and sometimes with ants in specific
ant-fungi associations .
[20]
In recent years, black fungi such as E. dermatitidis or
Hortaea werneckii have attracted increasingly attention as model microorganisms in studies on
astrobiology ,
[21]
bioremediation of polluted ecosystems by
biofiltration ,
[22] effect of
ionizing radiation in contaminated areas,
[23]
[24] biodeterioration of materials,
[25]
[26] and mechanisms of
adaptation to high salt concentrations .
[12] A collaborative effort coordinated by the
Broad Institute is currently ongoing to
sequence the genomes of several black fungi to shed light into their ecology, phylogeny and pathogenicity.[
citation needed ]
In 2011, a research paper about occurrence of potentially pathogenic black fungi in household dishwashers
[27] was partially misreported by the media and went
viral .[
citation needed ]
Black yeasts are not related to the edible
cloud ear fungus Auricularia polytricha .
[10]
[11]
References
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^ Butinar, Lorena; Sonjak, Silva; Zalar, Polona; Plemenitaš, Ana; Gunde-Cimerman, Nina (2005). "Melanized halophilic fungi are eukaryotic members of microbial communities in hypersaline waters of solar salterns". Botanica Marina . 48 .
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^ Matos, T; De Hoog, GS; De Boer, AG; De Crom, I; Haase, G (2002).
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^
a
b
c
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^
a
b
c
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^
a
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^ Muggia, Lucia; Gueidan, Cecile; Knudsen, Kerry; Perlmutter, Gary; Grube, Martin (2012). "The Lichen Connections of Black Fungi". Mycopathologia . 175 (5–6): 523–35.
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External links