Bio-radiolocation is a technology[1] for remote detection and diagnostics of biological objects by means of
radar,[2] even behind optically opaque obstacles.[3][4] Devices based on this method are called bio-radars.
Theoretical basis
This technology is based on the reflected signal modulation caused by movements of the human body and internal organs. While the examinee maintains a calm state (e.g. is sleeping or sitting in a fixed pose) modulation of bio-radar signal is caused mainly by
respiratory movements (0.2-0.5 Hz) and heart and superficial arteries pulsations (0.5–20 Hz).[5] The
amplitude of
thorax surface displacement caused by respiratory muscles contractions is about 1 cm, while the same parameter for heart beating is only 1 mm. Recently, researchers showed that
heart sounds (20–80 Hz) with an amplitude in the micrometer range can be detected, too.[6][7][8] The order of registered parameters determines the usage of
microwave frequency band. Impulse,[9] linearly[10] or step-frequency [11] modulated and monochromatic[12] signals can be used as probing ones.
Applications
The main advantage of bio-radiolocation is its remote and contactless nature.[13] At present, commercially available bio-radars are aimed at the detection of people and at tracking them behind buildings or other obstacles (e.g. during
antiterrorist operations[14][15]). There are also bio-radars, used by rescuers for finding people under building debris.[16] However, such devices have not found widespread application in disaster rescue operations due to fundamental limitations of the method related to noises and background reflections.
The most promising area in which bio-radiolocation method may be applied is medicine.[17] Bio-radar can be used in sleep medicine[18] for
sleep apnea syndrome monitoring[19] in adults and newborns. Furthermore, it can be used for the measurement of heart sounds[6] and to extract heart rate variability.[20] In addition, they can be applied in a host of other fields, such as professional selection,[21]pharmacology, and zoo-psychology,[22] etc.[23]
References
^Li, Changzhi; Lubecke, Victor M.; Boric-Lubecke, Olga; Lin, Jenshan (2013). "A Review on Recent Advances in Doppler Radar Sensors for Noncontact Healthcare Monitoring". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 61 (5): 2046–2060.
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doi:
10.1109/TMTT.2013.2256924.
S2CID18274335.
^Xu, Hui; Li, Bangyu; Che, Xinsheng; Ren, Jian (2011). "Analyzing the Effect and Selecting the Parameter of Bioradar Antenna for Measurement". Advanced Research on Computer Education, Simulation and Modeling. Communications in Computer and Information Science. Vol. 176. pp. 451–456.
doi:
10.1007/978-3-642-21802-6_73.
ISBN978-3-642-21801-9.
^Will, Christoph; Shi, Kilin; Schellenberger, Sven; Steigleder, Tobias; Michler, Fabian; Weigel, Robert; Ostgathe, Christoph; Koelpin, Alexander (2017). "Local Pulse Wave Detection Using Continuous Wave Radar Systems". IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology. 1 (2): 81–89.
doi:
10.1109/JERM.2017.2766567.
S2CID20747916.
^Shi, Kilin; Schellenberger, Sven; Michler, Fabian; Steigleder, Tobias; Malessa, Anke; Lurz, Fabian; Ostgathe, Christoph; Weigel, Robert; Koelpin, Alexander (2020). "Automatic Signal Quality Index Determination of Radar-Recorded Heart Sound Signals Using Ensemble Classification". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 67 (3): 773–785.
doi:
10.1109/TBME.2019.2921071.
ISSN1558-2531.
PMID31180834.
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^Immoreev, Igor Y. (2010). "Practical applications of UWB technology". IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 25 (2): 36–42.
doi:
10.1109/MAES.2010.5442175.
S2CID45543286.
^Wang, Fu-Kang; Horng, Tzyy-Sheng; Peng, Kang-Chun; Jau, Je-Kuan; Li, Jian-Yu; Chen, Cheng-Chung (2013). "Detection of Concealed Individuals Based on Their Vital Signs by Using a See-Through-Wall Imaging System with a Self-Injection-Locked Radar". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 61 (1): 696–704.
Bibcode:
2013ITMTT..61..696W.
doi:
10.1109/TMTT.2012.2228223.
S2CID16853266.
^S.I. Ivashov, V.V. Razevig, A.P. Sheyko, I.A. Vasilyev, "Detection of Human Breathing and Heartbeat by Remote Radar", Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS 2004), March 28–31, 2004, Pisa, Italy, pp. 663-666.
^Zetik, Rudolf; Crabbe, Stephen; Krajnak, Jozef; Peyerl, Peter; Sachs, Jürgen; Thomä, Reiner (2006). "Detection and localization of persons behind obstacles using M-sequence through-the-wall radar". In Carapezza, Edward M (ed.). Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense V. Vol. 6201. pp. 62010I.
doi:
10.1117/12.667989.
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^M. Pieraccini, G. Grazzini, D. Dei, C. Atzeni, GPR system to locate survivors of natural disasters // Proc. Of 12th International Conference on ground penetrating radar, June 16–19, 2008, Birmingham, UK.
^Staderini, E.M. (2002). "UWB radars in medicine". IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 17: 13–18.
doi:
10.1109/62.978359.
^Alekhin, M. D.; Anishchenko, L. N.; Zhuravlev, A. V.; Ivashov, S. I.; Korostovtseva, L. S.; Sviryaev, Y. V.; Konradi, A. O.; Parashin, V. B.; Bogomolov, A. V. (2013). "Estimation of Information Value of Diagnostic Data Obtained by Bioradiolocation Pneumography in Non-contact Screening of Sleep Apnea Syndrome". Biomedical Engineering. 47 (2): 96–99.
doi:
10.1007/s10527-013-9343-8.
S2CID12473547.
^Anishchenko, L. N.; Bugaev, A. S.; Ivashov, S. I.; Zhuravlev, A. V. (2011). "Bioradar for monitoring of human adaptive capabilities". 2011 XXXTH URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. pp. 1–4.
doi:
10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6051322.
ISBN978-1-4244-5117-3.
S2CID28329694.
^Application of Bioradiolocation for Estimation of the Laboratory Animals' Movement Activity /L.N. Anishchenko, A.S. Bugaev, S.I. Ivashov, I.A. Vasiliev //PIERS Online. 2009. Vol. 5, No. 6. P.551 – 554.