Coat of arms of the Barons of Berenberg-Gossler; the Berenberg bear (adopted in Flanders in the 16th century) and the Gossler goose foot (adopted in Hamburg in the 18th century)
The Berenberg family (
Dutch for "bear mountain") was a
Flemish-origined
Hanseatic family of
merchants,
bankers and
senators in
Hamburg, with branches in
London,
Livorno and other European cities. The family was descended from the brothers Hans and Paul Berenberg from
Antwerp, who came as Protestant refugees to the
city-republic of Hamburg following the Fall of Antwerp in 1585 and who established what is now
Berenberg Bank in Hamburg in 1590. The Berenbergs were originally
cloth merchants and became involved in
merchant banking in the 17th century. Having existed continuously since 1590, Berenberg Bank is the world's oldest surviving merchant bank.
The Berenberg banking family became extinct in the male line with
Elisabeth Berenberg (1749–1822); she was married to
Johann Hinrich Gossler, who became a co-owner of the bank in 1769. From the late 18th century, the
Gossler family, as owners of Berenberg Bank, rose to great prominence in Hamburg, and was widely considered one of Hamburg's two most prominent families, along with the related
Amsinck family. A branch of the family was later ennobled by
Prussia as
Barons of Berenberg-Gossler (Hamburg was a
free imperial city and had no nobility). Several members of the Berenberg and Gossler families served in the
Senate of Hamburg from 1735, and Elisabeth Berenberg's grandson
Hermann Gossler became
head of state of the city-republic.
Richard J. Evans describes the family as one of Hamburg's "great business families."[1] The
Gossler Islands in
Antarctica are named for the family. Elisabeth Berenberg and Johann Hinrich Gossler presently have descendants with names including Berenberg-
Gossler,
Paus,
Bernstorff and other names.
Members of the Berenberg family have founded several other companies. A
London branch of the Berenberg family were prominent merchants in the
West Indies trade from the 17th century and co-founded the London firm
Meyer & Berenberg.[2][3] Berenberg-Gossler & Partner was Hamburg's leading corporate law firm and later merged into the current law firm
Taylor Wessing.
History
The Berenbergs in Berg and Brabant
The Berenberg family originates from the
Bergisches Land region in the
Duchy of Berg. Its earliest known ancestor, Thillmann Berenberg, was born on the Groß-Berenberg estate in 1465, and was a
cloth merchant.
The growing
linen industry of
Brabant led Thillmann's son, Jan Berenberg (born 1490 in
Gummersbach, died 1549 in
Lier, Belgium), to take his family to
Lier in
Antwerp, where he became a
burgher in 1515. He was married to Engele Segers, and they were the parents of Paul Berenberg (born ca. 1533 in Lier, died 1623 in Antwerp), who was a cloth merchant in Antwerp and who married Anna Kriekart from Everbroek. Paul Berenberg was the father of Hans (1561–1626) and Paul Berenberg (1566–1645). The two brothers married sisters Anna (1557–1635) and Francina Snellinck (1559–1642), daughters of the Antwerp merchant Andries Snellinck (1531–1606) and Françoise (Francina) de Rénialme (1539–1610).[4]
The Berenbergs were one of 130 Dutch families that had become
Lutheran during the
Reformation. During the
Eighty Years' War, the family fled Lier and settled in the nearby
city of Antwerp (Stade). The family left Antwerp in 1585 as a result of the
Fall of Antwerp, when the city was conquered by
Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma. The strongly fortified city, Europe's leading commercial centre at the time, was defended with resolute determination and courage by its citizens, but ultimately fell, and around 60% of the city's pre-siege population fled the city, fearing Spanish massacres or
forced conversion to Roman Catholicism.[4]
Grand burghers of Hamburg
Many Dutch refugees settled in
Hamburg, among them the brothers Hans and Paul Berenberg. In 1590, they founded the merchant house now known as
Berenberg Bank. They were originally
cloth merchants and active in the
import-export business. In Hamburg, the Berenbergs initially formed part of a Dutch colony and intermarried with the city's leading Hanseatic families, several of which were also of Dutch descent (e.g.
Amsinck). While a number of Dutch refugees became Hamburg citizens, Hans and Paul Berenberg were not prepared to take that step. In 1605, the Hamburg council issued a decree that gave the Dutch merchants the same rights as the burghers of Hamburg.
Hans Berenberg's son was also named Hans Berenberg (1593–1640), and was married to Adelheid Ruhlant (1611–1684), daughter of the
advocate Rütger Ruhlant (1568–1630) who was ennobled by the
Holy Roman Emperor in 1622, and Catarina de Greve (1582–1655). Their son,
Cornelius Berenberg (1634–1711), was the first to engage in
merchant banking and developed the company into a very successful merchant house and merchant bank. He forged trade links with France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Scandinavia and Russia. Family connections of the Berenbergs were instrumental to the development, especially in Livorno and Lisbon with its colonies of wealthy Dutch merchants.[5] Cornelius Berenberg was also the first Berenberg to take the oath as a Hamburg burgher in 1684; the family thus became part of Hamburg's ruling class of
Grand Burghers.
Cornelius Berenberg's son,
Rudolf Berenberg (1680–1746), was elected a
Senator in 1735. By the mid 18th century,
investment banking and
acceptance credits comprised a significant part of the firm's activities. Rudolf Berenberg was married to Anna Elisabeth
Amsinck (1690–1748), the daughter of Paul Amsinck (1649–1706), a merchant of Hamburg and Lisbon, who was descended from the
Welser family. They were the parents of Rudolf Berenberg (1712–61), a merchant in Hamburg, Cornelius Berenberg (1714–73), a merchant in
Livorno, Senator
Paul Berenberg (1716–1768) and of
Johann Berenberg (1718–1772), a co-owner and later sole owner of the Berenberg company.
The Berenberg family were merchants, bankers and
senators in Hamburg for almost two centuries until the banking branch of the Berenberg family became extinct in the
male line. However, Berenberg Bank was passed on to the descendants of Johann Berenberg (1718–1772) in the female line. After Senator Paul Berenberg died childless in 1768, his brother Johann Berenberg took on his son-in-law
Johann Hinrich Gossler (1738–90) as a partner and eventually sole heir, as he was married to Johann Berenberg's only surviving child,
Elisabeth Berenberg (1749–1822). The Gossler family is known in Hamburg since the 17th century, when Johann Hinrich Gossler's great-grandfather Claus Gossler (1630–1713) was a Hamburg burgher.[2] The historian
Percy Ernst Schramm describes their marriage as a
marriage of convenience; she was not considered beautiful, but was intelligent, cultivated, kind, spoke many languages (including Latin) and became an exemplary wife and mother. She survived her husband by 32 years and after his death managed the firm together with her son-in-law.[4][6]
In 1788, Johann Hinrich Gossler bought the
Mortzenhaus palace in Alter Wandrahm 101 (later 21). Built in 1621 with a renaissance facade, it was one of the largest and most well known palaces in Hamburg. The building was owned by the Gossler family until the 1880s, when it was demolished to make room for the Speicherstadt.
Johann Hinrich Gossler and Elisabeth Berenberg's eldest daughter,
Anna Henriette Gossler, was married to
Ludwig Erdwin Seyler, a son of the famous theatre director
Abel Seyler. In 1788, Johann Hinrich Gossler took on his son-in-law as a partner in the firm, and after Gossler's death in 1790, Seyler became head of the firm, which was renamed Joh. Berenberg, Gossler & Co. in 1791. He held several public offices in Hamburg and served as President of the
Commerz-Deputation 1817–1818. During the
Napoleonic War, Seyler temporarily moved the headquarters of the Berenberg company to the house of his son-in-law,
Gerhard von Hosstrup. L.E. Seyler and Anna Henriette Gossler's children were briefly co-owners of Berenberg Bank, and they have many prominent descendants in Hamburg and Norway with family names such as von Hosstrup,
Wegner and
Paus.
Anna Henriette Gossler's younger brother
Johann Heinrich Gossler became a partner in 1798, and was elected a
senator of Hamburg in 1821. Several other family members also served as senators, with
Hermann Gossler becoming
First Mayor (a position equal to the federal princes, Bundesfürsten). In 1880,
Johann Berenberg Gossler (who had Berenberg as a
middle name) and his descendants were granted the name Berenberg-Gossler by the Hamburg Senate. The Berenberg-Gosslers were ennobled in the
Kingdom of Prussia (which was technically a foreign country) in 1888 and raised to
Baronial rank in 1910.[7] The Prussian ennoblement was somewhat controversial in the family and in Hamburg, as the grand burghers of Hamburg mostly considered the nobility inferior to Hanseatic families.[8] According to Richard J. Evans, "the wealthy of nineteenth-century Hamburg were for the most part stern republicans, abhorring titles, refusing to accord any deference to the Prussian nobility, and determinedly loyal to their urban background and mercantile heritage."[9] As Johann Berenberg-Gossler was ennobled, his sister Susanne (married name
Amsinck), exclaimed "Aber John, unser guter Name!" (But John, our good name!)[8]
In the 19th century, the Berenberg-Gosslers were strongly involved in the
industrialisation process in northern Germany and in the North American trade and its finance. In 1847, the Berenberg-Gosslers were the main founders of the
Hamburg America Line (HAPAG) together with the merchant house
H.J. Merck & Co., and in 1857 they were among the main founders of the
Norddeutscher Lloyd. They also financed the
ironworks of
Ilseder Hütte. The houses of Berenberg-Gossler, H.J. Merck and
Salomon Heine were also the main founders of the
Norddeutsche Bank in 1856, the first joint-stock bank in northern Germany and one of the predecessors of
Deutsche Bank.[10]
Since the early 19th century, Berenberg Bank had a close cooperation with
Barings Bank of London, and its owners a close personal relationship with the
Baring family.[11]
During the
Nazi era, the Berenberg-Gossler family—themselves descended from religious refugees—especially Baron
Cornelius von Berenberg-Gossler, were strongly involved in helping Jewish-origined friends and associates in Hamburg who faced persecution, securing the release of Fritz
Warburg in 1939.[12]
Heinrich von Berenberg-Gossler was the last family member to serve as a personally liable partner (until 1979).
In 18th and 19th century Hamburg, a marriage to a Berenberg/Gossler or the closely related
Amsinck family could greatly advance one's social position, as was the case with Hamburg head of state
Max Predöhl.[13][14]
Wilhelm Gossler (1811–1895) was the grandfather of the painter and sculptor
Mary Warburg, who was married to the art historian and cultural theorist
Aby Warburg, a member of the Warburg banking family.
Joachim von Berenberg-Consbruch (né Consbruch) and other people named Berenberg-Consbruch are not descended from the Berenberg family; he acquired the name by civil name change in Hamburg in 1976. He worked for the bank and his stepfather was a Berenberg-Gossler.
Properties
The large building in Alte Gröningerstraße 20, bought in 1755 by Paul Berenberg as seat of the Berenberg company
The
Mortzenhaus, city residence of
Johann Hinrich Gossler and his family and seat of Berenberg Bank from 1788. During the summer, the family lived on a property outside the city.
Frustberg House served as summer residence of Elisabeth Gossler née Berenberg from 1793 to 1822. It was built by Johann Hinrich Gossler's great-grandfather, cloth merchant Eybert Tiefbrunn, in 1703
Emilie Gossler (1799–1875), daughter of Senator Johann Heinrich Gossler and wife of business magnate Johannes
Amsinck (1792–1879), who earned a fortune trading with South American countries. Painted in 1818 by
Friedrich Carl Gröger.
Henriette Seyler (1805–75), daughter of Berenberg Bank head and co-owner
L.E. Seyler and Anna Henriette Gossler, and wife of the Norwegian industrialist
Benjamin Wegner. Drawn by her sister Molly in 1827.
Coat of arms
The Berenbergs used as their coat of arms a
bear (im goldenen Felde auf einem grünen Schildfuß ein nach rechts aufgerichteter schwarzer Bär mit goldenem Halsband, in den Vorderpranken einen grünen Zweig haltend).[15] The coat of arms is known since the 17th century and was most likely adopted no later than the 16th century in
Lier, Belgium. As of 1699, the Berenberg coat of arms was still visible in the church windows in Lier.[2]
In 1773,
Johann Hinrich Gossler adopted as his coat of arms a goose foot. From 1832, the family used a more complicated coat of arms.
Upon being ennobled by Prussia in 1889, the family was granted a coat of arms combining the Berenberg and 1773 Gossler coats of arms.[16] This coat of arms is also used as the
logo of
Berenberg Bank.
Berenberg coat of arms, used since the 16th century
Coat of arms of the Gossler family, as used from 1832. The goose foot was adopted as the Gossler arms by Johann Hinrich Gossler in 1773
The coat of arms of the Barons of Berenberg-Gossler, combining the Berenberg and Gossler arms
A highly stylized version of the combined Berenberg/Gossler coat of arms, used as a logo by
Berenberg Bank
A 1727 variant of the Berenberg arms (a bear sitting under a tree holding a palm branch in his paws
ppr.) on the grave of Sarah Anna Berenberg and her husband,
Sir Peter Meyer, in
London
Lineage
Berenberg Bank partners in bold.
The Berenberg family
The following is the male line Berenberg family, that became extinct in the male line with Elisabeth Berenberg in 1822.
1. Jan Berenberg (1490–1549), burgher of
Lier, married Engele Segers
2. Paul Berenberg (1533–1603), merchant in Antwerp, married Anna Kriekhart (1537–)
3. Hans Berenberg (1561–1626), merchant in Hamburg, married Anna Snellinck (1557–1635), daughter of Andries Snellinck (1531–1606) and Françoise (Francina) de Rénialme (1539–1610)
4. Francina Berenberg (1591–1628), married Arnold
Amsinck (1579–1656)
4. Hans Berenberg (1593–1640), merchant, married 1) Elisabeth
Amsinck (1602–1630) and 2) Adelheid Ruhlant (1611–1684), daughter of Rütger Ruhlant (1568–1630, ennobled 1622) and Catarina de Greve (1582–1655)
5. (of father's first marriage) Johann (John) Berenberg (1622–1699), merchant, married Magdalene de Hertoghe (1619–1694)
5. Rudolf Berenberg (1623–1672), merchant, married Susanna de Hertoghe (1617–1674)
5. (of father's second marriage) Cornelius Berenberg (1634–1711), merchant, married Anna Margaretha Colin (1649–1684), daughter of Daniel Colin (1615–1660) and Elisabeth Adelheid Engels (1620–1659)
6. Rudolf Berenberg (1680–1746), merchant, President of the
Commerz-Deputation 1728–1729 and Senator from 1735, married Anna Elisabeth
Amsinck (1690–1748), daughter of Paul Amsinck (1649–1706) and Christina Adelheid Capelle (1663–1730)
7. Rudolf Berenberg (1712–1761), merchant in Hamburg
7. Cornelius Berenberg (1714–1773), merchant in Livorno
7. Paul Berenberg (1716–1768), Senator, co-owner of Berenberg Bank
7. Johann Berenberg (1718–1772), sole owner of Berenberg Bank, married Anna Maria Lastrop (1723–1761)
for descendants of Elisabeth Berenberg and Johann Hinrich Gossler, see section below
5. Anna Berenberg (1639–1669), married Rudolf Capelle (1635–1684)
6. Christina Adelheid Capelle (1663–1730), married Paul
Amsinck (see above)
4. Andreas Berenberg (1595–1661), merchant in Hamburg, married Sara de Hertoghe (1605–1678)
5. Hans Heinrich Berenberg (1623–1701)
6. Paul Berenberg (1659–1712), merchant in London
6. John Henry Berenberg (1663–1701), merchant in London, English citizen 1693, married Elizabeth Lisette, daughter of Sir Richard Lisette
6. Sarah Anna Berenberg (1665–), married Sir
Peter Meyer, merchant in London
4. Anna Berenberg (1599–1639), married Senator Hermann Langenbeck (1596–1668)
3. Paul Berenberg (1566–1645), married Francina Snellinck (1559–1642)
4. Francina Berenberg (1601–1641), married Johan van Uffelen (1589–1657), whose descendants include King
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands
The Berenberg/Gossler family
The following are the descendants of
Elisabeth Berenberg and
Johann Hinrich Gossler, the founders of the Berenberg-Gossler family. The numbers are continued from the section above.
11. Johann Heinrich Gossler (1834–1876), merchant, Hamburg Consul in Boston from 1864, later representative of the North German Confederation and the German Empire until 1872
11. Hermann Gossler (1845–1908), lawyer and judge in Hamburg
10. Johann Heinrich Gossler III (1805-1879), co-owner of Berenberg Bank, consul-general of
Hawaii, married Mary Elizabeth Bray (1810–1886), a granddaughter of
Samuel Eliot
11. Marianne Gossler (1830–1908), married Friedrich Wilhelm Burchard (1824–1892), co-owner of Berenberg Bank
Among other Berenberg descendants are members of virtually all old Hamburg Hanseatic families, as well as King
Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (a descendant of Berenberg Bank co-founder Paul Berenberg (1566–1645) and Francina Snellinck (1559–1642)).
^Richard J. Evans, "Family and Class in Hamburg," in D. Blackbourn (ed.), The German Bourgeoisie, p. 122,
Routledge, 1993
^
abc"
Die Berenberg-Gossler," in: Vierteljahrsschrift für Heraldik, Sphragistik und Genealogie, Vol. 9, 1881
^Margrit Schulte Beerbühl, The Forgotten Majority. German Merchants in London, Naturalization, and Global Trade 1660–1815. Berghahn Books, 2014.
ISBN1782384480.
^
abcPercy Ernst Schramm, Neun Generationen: Dreihundert Jahre deutscher "Kulturgeschichte" im Lichte der Schicksale einer Hamburger Bürgerfamilie (1648–1948). Vol. I and II, Göttingen 1963/64.
^
ab
Renate Hauschild-Thiessen: "Adel und Bürgertum in Hamburg." In: Hamburgisches Geschlechterbuch. 14, 1997, p. 30.
^Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years 1830–1910, Oxford, 1987, p. 560
^Michael North: "The Great German Banking Houses and International Merchants, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Century", in:
Alice Teichova, Ginette Kurgan-Van Hentenryk and Dieter Ziegler (eds.), Banking, Trade and Industry: Europe, America and Asia from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century,
Cambridge University Press, 2011,
ISBN9780521188876, p. 46
^Tanja Drössel, Die Engländer in Hamburg 1914 bis 1945, pp. 107–108
^Götz Aly, Die Verfolgung und Ermordung der europäischen Juden durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland: Deutsches Reich : 1938 - August 1939, Oldenbourg Verlag, 2009
^Predöhl, Andreas, Das Ende der Weltwirtschaftskrise, Reinbek, 1962
^Wanda Oesau, Hamburgs Grönlandfahrt auf Walfischfang und Robbenschlag vom 17.-19. Jahrhundert, J.J. Augustin, 1955, p. 116
^Marcelli Janecki, Handbuch des preussischen Adels: Hrsg. Unter Förderung des Königlichen Herolds-Amtes, Vol 1, E. S. Mittler, 1892
Literature
Clarita Bernstorff, Hartwig Bernstorff,
Emanuel Eckardt, Change is the only constant: Berenberg; a history of one of the world's oldest banks, Hanser Literaturverlage, 336 pages,
ISBN978-1-56990-601-9
"Freiherren von Berenberg-Gossler," in
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band 16, Freiherrliche Häuser B II, C. A. Starke Verlag, Limburg (Lahn) 1957
A. Leesenberg, "Die Berenberg-Gossler," Vierteljahrsschrift für Heraldik, Sphragistik und Genealogie, IX, pp. 1–16, Carl Heymann's Verlag, Berlin, 1881.
A. Leesenberg, "Genealogie der Familie Gossler," Vierteljahrsschrift für Heraldik, Sphragistik und Genealogie, IX, pp. 17–25, Carl Heymann's Verlag, Berlin, 1881.
Percy Ernst Schramm, Neun Generationen: Dreihundert Jahre deutscher Kulturgeschichte im Lichte der Schicksale einer Hamburger Bürgerfamilie (1648–1948). Vol. I and II, Göttingen 1963/64.
Percy Ernst Schramm, Kaufleute zu Haus und über See. Hamburgische Zeugnisse des 17., 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts, Hamburg, Hoffmann und Campe, 1949
Percy Ernst Schramm, "Kaufleute während Besatzung, Krieg und Belagerung (1806–1815) : der Hamburger Handel in der Franzosenzeit, dargestellt an Hand von Firmen- und Familienpapieren." Tradition: Zeitschrift für Firmengeschichte und Unternehmerbiographie, Vol. 4. Jahrg., No. 1. (Feb 1959), pp. 1–22.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40696638