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Scrub breadfruit
Foliage and ripe fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Pandanales
Family: Pandanaceae
Genus: Benstonea
Species:
B. monticola
Binomial name
Benstonea monticola
Synonyms [4]
  • Pandanus monticola F.Muell.
  • Pandanus pluvisilvaticus H.St.John

Benstonea monticola, commonly known as scrub breadfruit or urchin-fruited pandan, is a plant in the family Pandanaceae which is endemic to rainforested parts of north east Queensland, Australia.

Description

The scrub breadfruit is an evergreen shrub or small tree usually growing to between 3 and 6 m (9.8 and 19.7 ft) high, [5] [6] and rarely to 10 m (33 ft). [6] [7] It produces multiple stems which are weak and become decumbent with age, i.e. they lean to one side and eventually lie on the ground with just the growing tip erect. [6] The stems measure around 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter, and prop roots (found in many species of Pandanaceae) are absent. [5] [6] [7]

The leaves are tightly clustered on the growing tip of the stem and are arranged spirally. They are very long and narrow, measuring up to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) long by 5 cm (2.0 in) wide, [5] [6] [7] and are ascendant to arching. [6] They are dark green above and a lighter green below, and are pleated such that they have an M-shaped cross-section. [6] [7] Small spines are present on the leaf margins (edges) and the underside of the midrib. [5] [6] [7]

This species is dioecious, meaning that functionally female and functionally male flowers are borne on separate plants. [5] The inflorescence is a terminal spike, enclosed by large creamy-white bracts. [5]

The fruit is a multiple fruit, in other words it is a single body consisting of the merged maturing ovaries of a cluster of flowers (cf. aggregate fruit). It is orange-red to bright red, roughly spherical to slightly egg-shaped, and measures up to 12 by 12 cm (4.7 by 4.7 in) [5] [6] [7] Each fruit contains over 300 segments around 3 cm (1.2 in) long by 0.4 cm (0.16 in) wide, each tipped by a persistent style. [5] [6] [7]

Taxonomy

Benstonea monticola was first described as Pandanus monticola by the German-born botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, and published three times in his massive work Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. [8] [9] [10] [11] In 2012 the new genus Benstonia was erected by Martin Callmander and Sven Buerki and 50 species (including this one) were transferred to it from Pandanus. [12]

Etymology

The species epithet monticola is derived from the Latin words mons (mountain) and -cola (inhabitor), meaning "mountain dweller".

The common name "scrub breadfruit" is a reference to the superficial similarity of the fruit to the more well-known breadfruit.

Distribution and habitat

The scrub breadfruit naturally occurs from the area of Cedar Bay (now part of Ngalba Bulal National Park), southward along the coast as far as Hinchinbrook Island, and inland to the Atherton Tablelands. It favours rainforest habitats and is found from sea level to around 800 m (2,600 ft). [5] [6] [7]

Ecology

Benstonea monticola, along with Pandanus tectorius and Pandanus solms-laubachii, is a host plant for the peppermint stick insect (Megacrania batesii), which shelters in the central hollow of the leaves and feeds on them. [13] The fruits are eaten by cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius) and giant white-tailed rats (Uromys caudimaculatus). [7]

Conservation

This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as least concern. [1] As of April 2023, it has not been assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Gallery

  • Plant with unripe fruit
    Plant with unripe fruit
  • Leaf, showing marginal spines
    Leaf, showing marginal spines
  • Inflorescence
    Inflorescence
  • Decumbent stem with ascending tip
    Decumbent stem with ascending tip

References

  1. ^ a b "Species profile—Benstonea monticola". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  2. ^ IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). (2021). "Benstonea monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T192233782A192233784. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T192233782A192233784.en. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  3. ^ "Benstonea monticola". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Benstonea monticola (F.Muell.) Callm. & Buerki". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i F.A.Zich; B.P.M.Hyland; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020). "Benstonea monticola". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wilson, A.J.G. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Benstonea monticola". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 387. ISBN  9780958174213.
  8. ^ "Pandanus monticola". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  9. ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1865). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. Vol. 5. Melbourne: Joannis Ferres. p. 40. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  10. ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1870). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. Vol. 7. Melbourne: Joannis Ferres. p. 63. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  11. ^ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1874). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. Vol. 8. Melbourne: Joannis Ferres. p. 220. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  12. ^ Callmander, Martin W.; Lowry, Porter P.; Forest, Félix; Devey, Dion S.; Beentje, Henk; Buerki, Sven (2012). "Benstonea Callm. & Buerki (Pandanaceae): Characterization, Circumscription, and Distribution of a New Genus of Screw-Pines, with a Synopsis of Accepted Species". Candollea. 67 (2): 323–345. doi: 10.15553/c2012v672a12. S2CID  84024612.
  13. ^ Cermak, M.; Hasenpusch, J.W. (2000). "Distribution, biology and conservation status of the peppermint stick insect, Megacrania batesii (Kirby) (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae), in Queensland". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 46 (1): 101–106. ISSN  0079-8835. Retrieved 25 March 2023.

External links

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