Belgians (
Dutch: Belgen;
French: Belges;
German: Belgierpronounced[ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ]ⓘ) are people identified with the
Kingdom of Belgium, a
federal state in
Western Europe. As Belgium is a
multinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups or communities (Dutch: gemeenschap; French: communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions:
Flemings in
Flanders, who speak
Dutch; and
Walloons in
Wallonia, who speak
French or
Walloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
The Latin name was revived in 1790 by the short-lived
United Belgian States which was created after
a revolution against Austrian rule took place in 1789. Since no
adjective equivalent to "Belgian" existed at the time, the French noun "Belgique" (or "Belgium") was adopted as both noun and adjective; a phenomenon borrowed from Latin which was still commonly used during the period.[16] From the sixteenth century, the
Low Countries" or "
Netherlands", were referred to as 'Belgica' in Latin, as was the
Dutch Republic.
Belgians are primarily a
nationality or citizen group, by jus soli (Latin: right of the soil),[17] also known as birthright citizenship, and are not a homogeneous
ethnic group.[18][19][20] Belgians are made up of two main linguistic and ethnic groups; the
Dutch-speakers (called the
Flemish) and the
French-speakers (mostly
Walloons), as well as a third tiny but constitutionally recognized group from two small German-speaking areas. These sometimes competing ethnic and linguistic priorities are governed by constitutionally designated
"regions or communities", depending on the constitutional realm of the topic, a complex and uniquely Belgian political construct. Since many Belgians are at least bilingual, or even trilingual, it is common for business, social and family networks to include members of the various ethnic groups composing Belgium.[citation needed]
The
Brussels-Capital Region occupies a unique political and cultural position since geographically and linguistically it is a bilingual enclave within the unilingual Flemish Region. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1830, the city of
Brussels was francized, as it was transformed from an almost entirely Dutch-speaking into a multilingual city with French as the majority language and lingua franca.[21]
Within
Belgium the Flemish, about 60% of the population, form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to the
Netherlands most of these cultural and linguistic boundaries quickly fade, as the Flemish share the same language, similar or identical customs and (though only with the southern part of today's Netherlands) traditional religion with the
Dutch.[24]
However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.[25]
Walloons are a
French-speaking people who live in
Belgium, principally in
Wallonia. Walloons are a distinctive community within Belgium,[26] important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to the
French people.[27][28] More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of the
Walloon Region. They may speak regional languages such as Walloon (with Picard in the West and Gaumais in the South).
Though roughly three-quarters of Belgium's French speakers live in Wallonia, French-speaking residents of Brussels tend not to identify as Walloons.
The German-speaking Community of Belgium is one of the three constitutionally recognized federal communities of
Belgium.[29] Covering an area of less than 1,000 km2 within the
province of
Liège in
Wallonia, it includes nine of the eleven municipalities of the so-called
East Cantons and the local population numbers over 73,000 – less than 1% of the national total. Bordering the
Netherlands,
Germany and
Luxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government at
Eupen.
The German-speaking community is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany. In addition, in contemporary Belgium there are also some other German-speaking areas that belonged to Belgium even before 1920, but they are not currently considered officially part of the German-speaking community in Belgium:
Bleiberg-
Welkenraat-
Baelen in Northeastern
province of Liège and
Arelerland (city of
Arlon and some of its nearby villages in Southeastern
province of Belgian Luxembourg). However, in these localities, the German language is highly endangered due to the adoption of
French.[30]
Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion, with approximately 65% of the Belgians declaring themselves to be Catholics.[31] However, by 2004, nationwide Sunday
church attendance was only about 4 to 8% (9% for Flanders only). A 2006 inquiry in
Flanders, long considered more religious than the
Brussels or
Wallonia regions in
Belgium, showed 55% of its inhabitants calling themselves religious, while 36% said that they believed that God created the world.[32]
Belgium had a population of 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, an increase of 601,000 in comparison to 2000 (10,239,085 inhabitants). Between 1990 (9,947,782 inhabitants) and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on 1 January 2010 was 6,251,983 (57.7%), 3,498,384 (32.3%) and 1,089,538 (10.1%), respectively.
^
Footnote: The Celtic and Germanic influences on and origins of the Belgae remains disputed. Further reading, e.g.
Witt, Constanze Maria (May 1997).
"Ethnic and Cultural Identity". Barbarians on the Greek Periphery?—Origins of Celtic Art. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities,
University of Virginia.
Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
^Ramon Arango, Leopold III and the Belgian Royal Question, p.9.
^Raymond Fusilier in Les monarchies parlementaires en Europe, Editions ouvrières, Paris, 1960, p. 350, wrote the Belgian regime of 1830 was also inspired by the French Constitution of the
Kingdom of France (1791-1792), the
United States Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the old political traditions of both Walloon and Flemish provinces.
^National minorities in Europe, W. Braumüller, 2003, page 20.
^Nederlandse en Vlaamse identiteit, Civis Mundi 2006 by S.W. Couwenberg.
ISBN90-5573-688-0. Page 62. Quote: "Er valt heel wat te lachen om de wederwaardigheden van Vlamingen in Nederland en Nederlanders in Vlaanderen. Ze relativeren de verschillen en beklemtonen ze tegelijkertijd. Die verschillen zijn er onmiskenbaar: in taal, klank, kleur, stijl, gedrag, in politiek, maatschappelijke organisatie, maar het zijn stuk voor stuk varianten binnen één taal-en cultuurgemeenschap." The opposite opinion is stated by L. Beheydt (2002): "Al bij al lijkt een grondiger analyse van de taalsituatie en de taalattitude in Nederland en Vlaanderen weinig aanwijzingen te bieden voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit. Dat er ook op andere gebieden weinig aanleiding is voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit is al door Geert Hofstede geconstateerd in zijn vermaarde boek Allemaal andersdenkenden (1991)." L. Beheydt, "Delen Vlaanderen en Nederland een culturele identiteit?", in P. Gillaerts, H. van Belle, L. Ravier (eds.), Vlaamse identiteit: mythe én werkelijkheid (Leuven 2002), 22–40, esp. 38. (in Dutch)
^Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press, (
ISBN1-57356-019-7), p. 13 : « Walloons are identified through their residence in Wallonia and by speaking dialects of French. They, too, are descended from the original Celtic inhabitants of the region and Romans and Franks who arrived later. Walloons are mainly Roman catholic. »
^Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press,
ISBN1-57356-019-7, p.13 : "Walloon culture was heavily influenced by the French"
^The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World, A Henri Holt Reference Book, page 645 : « Culturally there is continuity between the French and the Walloons, Wallon culture consisting mainly of dialect literary productions. While historically most Wallons came within France's cultural orbit
^"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"(PDF), Special Eurobarometer, 383,
European Union:
European Commission, p. 233, 2012,
archived(PDF) from the original on 2 December 2012, retrieved 14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
^Inquiry by 'Vepec', 'Vereniging voor Promotie en Communicatie' (Organisation for Promotion and Communication), published in
Knack magazine 22 November 2006 p. 14 (The Dutch language term 'gelovig' was translated in the text as 'religious', more precisely it is a very common word for believing in particular in any kind of god in a
monotheistic sense or in some
afterlife.)