DNBseq Platform (next-generation sequencing platform), RT-PCR tests for the detection of the SARS CoV-2 virus and its mutations. Huo-Yan integrated laboratory solution. The NIFTY Test (a non-invasive prenatal test)
BGI Group, formerly Beijing Genomics Institute, is a Chinese
genomics company with headquarters in
Yantian,
Shenzhen. The company was originally formed in 1999 as a genetics research center to participate in the
Human Genome Project.[3][4] It also sequences the genomes of other animals, plants and microorganisms.[5]
BGI has transformed from a small research institute, notable for decoding the DNA of pandas and rice plants, into a diversified company active in
animal cloning, health testing, and contract research.[6][7][8] BGI's earlier research was continued by the
Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.[9] BGI Research, the group's nonprofit division, works with the Institute of Genomics and operates the
China National GeneBank under a contract with the Chinese government.[10][11] BGI Genomics, a subsidiary, was listed on the
Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2017.
In 2021, details came to light about multiple controversies involving the BGI Group. These controversies include alleged collaboration with the
People's Liberation Army (PLA) and use of genetic data from
prenatal tests.[12] BGI denied that it shares prenatal genetics data with the PLA.[13]
History
Wang Jian, Yu Jun,
Yang Huanming and Liu Siqi created BGI, originally named Beijing Genomics Institute, in September 1999,[14] in Beijing, China as a non-governmental independent research institute in order to participate in the
Human Genome Project as China's representative.[15][16] After the project was completed, funding dried up, after which BGI moved to
Hangzhou in exchange for funding from the Hangzhou Municipal Government. In 2002, BGI sequenced the
rice genome, which was a cover story in the journal
Science. In 2003 BGI decoded the
SARS virus genome and created a kit for detection of the virus.[17] In 2003, the
Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the
Beijing Institute of Genomics in cooperation with BGI, with Yang Huanming as its first director. BGI Hangzhou and the
Zhejiang University also founded a new research institute, the James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University.[18]: 39
In 2007, BGI broke away from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relocated to Shenzhen.[19][10] Yu Jun left BGI at this time purportedly selling his stake to the other 3 founders for a nominal sum.[5] In 2008, BGI published the first human genome of an Asian individual.[15][20]
In 2011, BGI reported it employed 4,000 scientists and technicians,[28] and had a $192 million in revenue.[5] BGI did the genome sequencing for the deadly
2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in three days and released it under an open license.[29] Since 2012, it has started to commercialize its services, having investments from
China Life Insurance Company,
CITIC Group's Goldstone Investment,
Jack Ma's
Yunfeng Capital, and SoftBank China Capital.[30] That year they also launched their own scientific journal, GigaScience,[31] partnering with
BioMed Central to publish data-heavy life science papers.[32] A new partnership was subsequently formed between the GigaScience Press department of BGI and
Oxford University Press and since 2017 GigaScience has been co-published with the Oxford University Press.[33][34]
In 2015, BGI signed a collaboration with the
Zhongshan Hospital' Center for Clinical Precision Medicine in Shanghai, opened in May 2015 with a budget of ¥100 million. They are reportedly being involved as a sequencing institution in China's US$9.2-billion research project for medical care which will last for 15 years.[3][37] In May 2017, was announced formation of West Coast Innovation Center, co-located in Seattle and San Jose, on the first location planned to work on precision medicine and feature collaborations with
University of Washington, the
Allen Institute for Brain Science, the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and
Washington State University, while on the second's already existing laboratory with 100 employees to develop the
next-generation sequencing technologies.[3] In May 2018, reached an agreement with
Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto), Canada, for first installation of BGISEQ platforms in North America.[38]
BGI Genomics, a listed subsidiary of the group[39] made an
initial public offering in July 2017 at
Shenzhen Stock Exchange.[10] In 2018, the BGI was reportedly 85.3% owned by Wang Jian, and the group owns 42.4% of its main unit BGI Genomics.[40]
In 2019, it was reported that a BGI subsidiary, Forensic Genomics International, had created a
WeChat-enabled database of genetic profiles of people across the country.[41][42][43][44][45] In July 2020, it was reported that BGI returned a
Paycheck Protection Program loan following media scrutiny.[46]
In January 2020, BGI Genomics announced its real-time fluorescent RT-PCR kit that helps in identification of SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. This was subsequently verified and authorized for use in 14 countries and regions, including emergency use listing by the
World Health Organization.[53] BGI Genomics reported that by April 2021 the RT-PCR kits had been distributed to more than 180 countries and regions. BGI also developed biosafety level 2 high-throughput nucleic acid detection laboratories, named Huo-Yan laboratories.[34][54]
In the first half of 2020, BGI Group offered to help the state of California set up COVID-19 testing labs at cost. The government of California rejected the offer due to geopolitical concerns, but
Santa Clara County did buy COVID-19 test kits and equipment from BGI.[55]
On August 25, 2020,
Reuters reported that about 3,700 people in
Sweden were told in error that they had the coronavirus due to a fault in a COVID-19 testing kit from BGI Genomics.[56] Despite being the 5th test to be given WHO Emergency Use Listing,[57] and getting top marks in sensitivity tests in a Dutch study independently validating commercially available tests.[58] BGI Genomics defended the product, blaming differences in thresholds used between labs looking at very low levels of the virus.[59]
The annual budget for the computer center was US$9 million.[23] In the same year, BGI's computational biologists developed the first successful algorithm, based on
graph theory, for aligning billions of 25 to 75-base pair strings produced by next-generation sequencers, specifically
Illumina's Genome Analyzer, during de novo sequencing.[60]
SOAPdenovo is part of "
Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package"
(SOAP), a suite of tools developed by BGI for de novo assembly of human-sized genomes, alignment, SNP detection, resequencing, indel finding, and structural variation analysis. Built for the Illumina sequencers' short reads, SOAPdenovo has been used to assemble multiple human genomes[61][62][63] (identifying an eight kilobase insertion not detected by mapping to the human reference genome[64]) and animals, like the giant panda.[65]
Up until 2015, BGI had released BGISEQ-100, based on
Thermo Fisher Scientific's
Ion Torrent device, and BGISEQ-1000, for both of which received an approval from the
CFDA for a NIFTY (Non-invasive Fetal Trisomy Test) prenatal test.[66] In October 2015, BGI launched BGISEQ-500,[67] a larger desktop sequencing system. It reportedly received more than 500 orders for the system and run over 112,000 tests until late 2016.[66] The China National GeneBank, opened by BGI and Chinese Government in September 2016,[68] has 150 instruments of the system.[66] The BGISEQ-500 was developed as a sequencing platform capable of competing with Illumina's platforms.[69] In November 2016, BGI launched BGISEQ-50, a miniature version of desktop sequencer.[70] In 2017, BGI began offering WGS for $600.[3] In September 2022, MGI launched DNBSeq-G99, a new ultra-high-speed, mid-to-low throughput sequencer.[71]
In 2021, BGI developed Stereo-seq, its genome wide
Spatial transcriptomics technology and released the first research findings from a consortium of scientific users of the technology in 2022.[72][73] In 2022, BGI-Research and
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences together with scientists globally, used sequencing technologies to undertake
single cell sequencing to expand the understanding of early human embryonic development, to complete the first whole-body cell atlas of a non-human primate, to complete the world's first body-wide single cell transcriptome atlas of pigs, and to study the brains of ants to explain for the first time how the social division of labor within ant colonies is determined by functional specialization of their brains at cellular levels.[74][75]
Legal disputes
In 2019, competitor
Illumina, Inc. filed multiple
patent infringement lawsuits against BGI.[76][77] In response, BGI has filed patent infringement lawsuits against Illumina alleging violations of
federal antitrust and
California unfair competition laws.[78] In May 2022 a US court ordered Illumina to pay US$333.8 million to BGI Group after finding that Illumina's DNA-sequencing systems infringed two of BGI's patents.[79] The ruling also stated Illumina infringed the patents wilfully, and that three patents it had accused BGI's Complete Genomics subsidiary of infringing were invalid.[80] In July 2022 Illumina and MGI Tech Co. and Complete Genomics, settled US suits on DNA-sequencing technology, with Illumina agreeing to pay $325 million to settle all US litigation. As part of the settlement Illumina will receive a license to the BGI affiliates' patents, and both companies agreed to not sue each other for patent or antitrust violations in the United States for three years.[81]
In January 2021, Reuters reported that BGI has worked with the
People's Liberation Army (PLA) and affiliated institutions such as the
National University of Defense Technology on efforts to enhance soldiers' strength and other projects.[82] In July 2021, Reuters reported that BGI developed a prenatal test, with the assistance of the People's Liberation Army, which is also used for genetic data collection.[83][12] In an interview with the South China Morning Post, a BGI representative denied the Reuters report.[13] The South China Morning Post stated that BGI published papers with the
People's Liberation Army General Hospital and the
Army Medical University, explaining in the article that in China "many top-notch hospitals are affiliated with the military."[13] BGI further stated "All NIPT data collected overseas are stored in BGI's laboratory in Hong Kong and are destroyed after five years, as stipulated by
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)".[84] BGI also stated "BGI has never been asked to provide, nor has it provided data from its NIFTY tests to Chinese authorities for national security or national defense security purposes."[83]
In November 2021, Reuters reported that a
University of Copenhagen professor, Guojie Zhang, who was also employed by BGI was developing drugs for the PLA to assist soldiers with managing
altitude sickness.[90] BGI stated that the study "was not carried out for military purposes."[90] On December 1, 2021, the University of Copenhagen commented on the Reuters report.[91]
In October 2022, the
United States Department of Defense added BGI Genomics Co, a listed subsidiary, to a list of "Chinese military companies" operating in the U.S.[92][93]
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