The name of the Baiuvarii is also spelled Baiuvari.[1] It probably means "men from
Bohemia".[1] The placename Bohemia is believed to be connected to that of the
Boii, a
Celtic people who partly left the region before the
Roman era and then were dominated by
Germanic peoples. The Baiuvarii gave their name to the region of
Bavaria.[2]
Language
The language of the Baiuvarii is classified as
Germanic.[3][4] It is uncertain whether they originally spoke an
East Germanic or
West Germanic language.[5] Early evidence on the language of the Baiuvarii is limited to personal names and a few
Runic inscriptions. By the 8th century AD, the Baiuvarii were speakers of an early form of the
Austro-Bavarian language within the
West Germanic family.[3][2]
History
The name is first attested in
Latin sources in the 6th century AD.
Notably, the early 6th century biography of
Severinus of Noricum describes the region without mentioning them.[6]
One of the earliest references to the Baiuvarii is the
Frankish Table of Nations from about 520, which describes them as a people with kinship to the Burgundians, Thuringians and Lombards.[6]
In his Getica (551),
Jordanes wrote that the
Suebes people under the rule of the 5th century Hunimund had lived across the
Danube from
Dalmatia and
Pannonia with the Franks on their west, Thuringians to their north, and Burgundians to their south, and the Baibaros to their east, who may have been the Bavarians.[7]
In a poem about a pilgrimage to
Augsburg in 565,
Venantius Fortunatus mentions the land Baioaria on the river
Lech, which north flows from the Austrian alps to the German Danube.[1] They were between the Allemanni on the Danube and the Breones who were based near the river Inn.
Evidence from the
etymology of their name implies that the Baiuvarii, being named after Bohemia, can not have existed under that name before the 1st century AD. During this period
Maroboduus, king of the Germanic
Marcomanni, lead his people into their area which had previously been inhabited by the Celtic Boii.[2] Whether the Baiuvarii settled Bavaria in a specific later migration, after Maroboduus, either from the north (Bohemia) or from
Pannonia, is uncertain.[2]
According to
Karl Bosl, Bavarian migration to present-day Bavaria is a legend.[6] The early Baiuvarii are often associated with the
Friedenhain-Přešťovice archaeological group, but this is controversial.[1] During the time of
Attila in the 5th century, the entire
Middle Danube region saw the entry of many new peoples from north and east of the Carpathians, and the formation and destruction of many new political entities.
Through their ruling
Agilolfings dynasty, they were closely connected with the
Franks.
Culture
A collection of Bavarian tribal laws was compiled in the 8th century. This document is known as Lex Baiuvariorum. Elements of it possibly date back to the 6th century.[1] It is very similar to Lex Thuringorum, which was the legal code of the
Thuringi, with whom the Baiuvarii had close relations.[9]
The funerary traditions of the Baiuvarii are similar to those of the Alemanni, but quite different from those of the Thuringi.[9]
Exogamy and migrant women
The Baiuvarii are distinguished by the presence of individuals with
artificially deformed craniums in their cemeteries. These individuals were predominantly female; there is no undisputed evidence of males with artificially deformed skulls in
Bavaria.[10] Genetic and archeological evidence shows that these women were migrants from eastern cultures, who married Bavarii males, suggesting the importance of exogamy within the Bavarii culture.[11] The migrant women were fully integrated in to Bavarii culture.[12]
In 2018, genomic research showed that these foreign women had southeastern European and
East Asian ancestry. The presence of these women among the Bavarii people indicates that men from the Bavarii culture practiced
exogamy, preferentially marrying women from eastern populations.[13][a][14]
A genetic study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 2018 examined the remains of 41 individuals buried at a Bavarian cemetery ca. 500 AD. Of these, 11 whole genomes were generated. The males were found to be genetically homogeneous and of
north-
central European origin. The females were less homogeneous, and carried less Northern European ancestry, particularly those with artificially deformed craniums, who were found to combine
Southeast European and
East Asian ancestry.[13]
There were significant gender differences in skin, hair and eye pigmentation in the sample. While 80% of the Bavarii males had
blond hair and
blue eyes, the women had much higher rates of brown eyes and darker hair colors. The foreign women with
East Asian and Southern European-related ancestry, generally had brown eyes, and 60% were dark haired, it is also implied that their skin color was darker than the local population.[b][c]
No significant admixture with Roman populations from territories further south of the area was detected.[d] Among modern populations, the surveyed individuals with normal skulls were found to be most closely related to modern-day
Germans.[e]
^Hakenbeck, Susanne. (2011).
Roman or barbarian? Shifting identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria. Postclassical Archaeologies. 1. p. 49. "Both the manner of their burial and the positions of their graves indicate that the different life-histories suggested by their modified skulls and possibly foreign childhood was subsumed into the local group identity by the time of their death. Regardless of whether these women may have had a foreign identity during their lifetime, in death they were treated as local women with no evidence of their possible migration other than that which was inscribed on their bodies during childhood."
^Frieman, Catherine J.; Hofmann, Daniela (8 August 2019). "Present pasts in the archaeology of genetics, identity, and migration in Europe: a critical essay". World Archaeology. 51 (4): 530–531.
doi:
10.1080/00438243.2019.1627907.
hdl:1956/22151.
ISSN0043-8243.
S2CID204480648. "Medieval blue-eyed and blond ‘Bavarians’, meanwhile, seem to have fancied brown-eyed women from south-east Europe (Veeramah et al. 2018)"
Notes
^Veeramah et al: "A much more diverse ancestry was observed among the females with elongated skulls, as demonstrated by a significantly greater group-based FIS (SI Appendix, Fig. S35). All these females had varying amounts of genetic ancestry found today predominantly in southern European countries [as seen by the varying amounts of ancestry inferred by
model-based clustering that is representative of a sample from modern Tuscany, Italy (TSI), Fig. 3], and while the majority of samples were found to be closest to modern southeastern Europeans (Bulgaria and Romania, Fig. 4C), at least one individual, AED_1108, appeared to possess ~20% East Asian ancestry (Fig. 3)[13]
^Veeramah et al: "Based on the HIrisPlex system (13), the majority (~80%) of individuals with normal or intermediate skulls (and thus northern/central European ancestry) showed high probabilities for blue eyes and blonde hair (SI Appendix, Fig. S7 A and B); in contrast, the majority of women with deformed skulls had a high likelihood for brown eyes (80% of individuals), and both brown and blonde hair (~60% and 40% of individuals, respectively) were represented in the sample."[13]
^Veeramah et al: "While the immigrant females would have been clearly distinguishable physically among the local population based on the combination of their enlarged crania as well as their different eye, hair, and perhaps even skin pigmentation patterns, it is noteworthy that their assemblies of grave goods appear to reflect both local customs and more distant material cultures (10)."[13]
^Veeramah et al: " It is perhaps surprising that no local individual was found to share recent common genetic ancestry with a Roman soldier living in the same area ~200 y earlier. The analysis of his genome identifies him to be of southwest European origin. Thus, our results, though only based on one sample, argue against significant admixture between any Roman populations from more southern parts of the former Roman Empire and our individuals buried in Bavaria around 500 AD."[13]
^Veeramah et al: "A population assignment analysis (PAA) at the level of individual modern nation states suggested greatest genetic similarity of these normal-skulled individuals with modern Germans, consistent with their sampling location (Fig. 4 A and B and SI Appendix, Table S35)."[13]