BFC Dynamo was founded in 1966 from the football department of
SC Dynamo Berlin and became one of the most successful clubs in East German football, with
numerous appearances in international football in the 1970s and 1980s. The club is the record champion of
East Germany with ten consecutive
league championships from 1979 through 1988.
The colours of BFC Dynamo are
claret and white.[2] The colours were inherited from
SC Dynamo Berlin and followed the claret colour scheme of
SV Dynamo. BFC Dynamo has been playing in claret and white since the club's founding, with the exception of a period in the 1990s. The BFC Dynamo home kit has traditionally been a claret shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. The team is occasionally nicknamed "die Weinroten", which means "the Clarets".[3][4]
The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. A pure white was set as the new match colour with immediate effect.[5] FC Berlin then adopted a red and white colour scheme.[6] In the eyes of the supporters, the red and white kit looked a lot like 1. FC Union Berlin.[6] The club played in red and white home kits for most of the FC Berlin era, but wore a black and red striped home shirt, paired with black shorts and socks from the
1996–97 season through the
1998–99 season. The club eventually returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999 and consequently also later returned to its traditional colour scheme.[7]
The BFC Dynamo away kit has traditionally been a white shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. However, a variety of away kits have been used at different times. The team used green away shirts from the end of the 1960s until the mid-1970s.[8][9] Green was the colour of the
Volkspolizei, which was the official sponsor of BFC Dynamo during the East German era. The green away shirt was then exchanged for a white away shirt, paired with red or white shorts and socks.[10][11] The team used entirely red away kits during the 1981–82 and 1982–83 seasons.[12][13] The red away kit was then exchanged for an entirely claret away kit.[14] The team again used white away shirts from the 1985–86 season.[15] The 1985–86 season also saw the instruction of an alternative claret and white diagonally striped away shirt.[15] The diagonally striped away shirt would be used for the rest of the 1980s.[16]
1966-1990, 1999–2009, 2023-
2009-2023
The crest of BFC Dynamo during the East German era featured a stylized "D" for SV Dynamo and the lettering "BFC" in red and yellow on a white background, surrounded by a yellow
wreath.[17][18] BFC Dynamo abandoned its East German crest when the club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990.[19][20][17] The club used two different crests during the FC Berlin era. The first crest featured a stylized image of the roof of the
Brandenburg Gate with the lettering "FCB" underneath and the club name "Fussballclub Berlin" in capital letters at the bottom, in white on a red background. It was only briefly used at the beginning of the FC Berlin era in 1990.[21] The second crest featured a stylized image of a football with the Brandenburg Gate in front, the lettering "FCB" at the top and the club name "FC Berlin" at the bottom, in red on a white background. This crest was used from the spring of 1990 until the end of the FC Berlin era.[21][22]
BFC Dynamo reclaimed its East German crest when the club returned to its original club name on 3 May 1999.[20] But the club was no longer in possession of the crest.[20] The club had neglected to seek legal protection for its East German crest after German reunification. The neglect was likely due to managerial inexperience. Protection of trademarks was neither necessary nor common in East Germany.[17] The crest was now owned by Peter Klaus-Dieter Mager, commonly known as "Pepe". Pepe Mager was a famous fan of
Hertha BSC and a fan merchandise dealer.[23] The club tried to recover the crest from Mager though court action, without success.[20][17] The ownership of the crest was instead passed on to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH.[24][25][26]
BFC Dynamo continued to use the disputed crest on its kits and webpage. But the club would have to ask the owner of the crest every time it wanted to have a pennant made and was unable to exploit the commercial value of the crest for its own benefit.[24][27] The legal situation around the crest would also have caused problems in the event of an advance to the Regionalliga, as the
German football Association (DFB) required clubs to own their crests.[28] In order establish independence, the club finally decided to adopt a new crest in 2009.[29]
The new crest abandoned the traditional stylized "D" and the lettering "BFC", as they would have met legal obstacles.[26] The new crest featured a black
Berlin bear on claret and white stripes, together with the club name and the founding year.[26] The first version of the new crest sparked controversy. The word "fußball" in the club name had been written in
lower case with a double "s" instead of the graphene "
ß".[26] This was contrary to German spelling rules, where it is only permissible to write "fußball" with a double "s" when the word is written in upper case. Club President Norbert Uhlig ensured that there was absolutely no ulterior motive behind the spelling and claimed that the word had always been spelled like that on club pennants and scarfs.[26] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer later claimed that the spelling was a deliberate marketing ploy, in order to have new crest immediately known across Germany.[26] A second version of the crest was soon made public, where the club name was written in upper case. The new crest was used by BFC Dynamo from the 2009–10 season.[27]
BFC Dynamo finally managed to win back the traditional crest in 2022, through the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer. Meyer had acquired the rights to the crest through one of his companies.[30] From the 2023–24 season, BFC Dynamo is once again playing with its traditional crest. The traditional crest was displayed for the first time since its reintroduction in a friendly match against Hertha BSC in front of more than 10,000 spectators at the
Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 July 2023.[31][32]
Ownership of the traditional crest
Many clubs in East Germany rushed to drop their East German names during the
Peaceful revolution. BFC Dynamo was among the clubs to do so, in an attempt to distance the club from the
Stasi.[20][33] The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 and consequently abandoned its East German crest.
Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and fan merchandise dealer.[23] Mager had organized away trips for the fans Hertha in the early 1960s and was one of the founders of the notorious supporter group "Hertha-Frösche". He now sold his own fan merchandise from a mobile stand outside the
Olympiastadion.[23][34][35] Mager inquired with the register of associations in
Charlottenburg in 1991 about all deleted names of East German clubs.[23] He immediately found BFC Dynamo and saw business opportunities.[23][20] Mager claimed that he first secured the former crest of BFC Dynamo for 80
D-Marks in 1992.[36][26]
The name FC Berlin never became popular with the fans.[33] Fans continued to identify themselves with the former name and crest.[20] An overwhelming majority voted for the club to take back its original club name at the club's general meeting on 3 May 1999.[7] Of the 135 present, 125 voted in favor, three against and seven abstained.[37] BFC Dynamo thus reclaimed its East German crest, but the rights to the crest now belonged to Mager.[20] Mager had registered the crest in his name at the
German Patent and Trademark Office on 13 May 1997.[20][38][17]
BFC Dynamo contacted Mager for a co-operation, but an agreement could not be reached.[23][38] Mager held the opinion that the club should buy its merchandise from him, or simply buy the rights to the crest.[20] He later informed the club that he had received interest from foreign buyers and offered the club to buy the rights.[38] He claimed that the crest was worth 200,000 D-Marks.[20] BFC Dynamo on the other hand claimed that the crest should legally belong to the club. The club sued Mager in court on 20 November 2000, but eventually lost the case.[20][17] The club decided to suspend the legal dispute with Mager in the summer of 2001 and instead wanted to find a solution outside court.[39] Mager was repeatedly exposed to minor threats from the environment around BFC Dynamo and eventually sold the crest to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH for a price of 50,000 D-Marks in June 2002.[24][25][28][40]
Bernt was a close associate of André Sommer.[41] Bernt and Sommer had assisted the club at the
opening of the insolvency proceedings in 2001–2002.[41][42][24] Both were long time fans of BFC Dynamo.[43][24][25] But the duo was controversial for their connections to
Hells Angels.[43][41] Bernt and Sommer were almost as restrictive towards the club when it came to the crest as Mager had been. Bernt organized the production of fan merchandise in his own regime.[25] The club would have to ask his company every time it wanted to have a pennant made.[24] Bernt and Sommer usually agreed, manufactured the pennant and then sold it at their own fan merchandise stand at the stadium.[24] BFC Dynamo continued to use the crest and would at times be given ten percent of the revenues from their sales.[42][24][25][26] The club eventually offered 5,000 Euros for the crest, but was turned down.[42] Sponsor Peter Meyer was also said to have offered 150,000 Euros for the buyback.[44] Bernt demanded a seven-digit sum, according to former Club President Mario Weinkauf.[42] The lawyer representing RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH allegedly claimed the crest was worth around 600,000 Euros at the time.[45]
President Weinkauf planned to recover the rights to the former crest with the help of Thomas Thiel and the company Treasure AG before the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Thiel was a co-owner of Treasure AG, which was intended as a new major sponsor.[24] Bernt sold parts of the rights to the former crest to Thiel.[46] The price was allegedly a six-digit sum.[24][26] According to the plan, the club would be given the rights of use to the crest. The profits would thus go to the club. The club would pay a symbolic sum of 1 Euro per month for the rights of use. BFC Dynamo would then have a
right of first refusal after the ten-year contract had expired and thus have the opportunity to eventually acquire ownership of the crest.[24][47] However, Weinkauf was ultimately rejected by club members in a vote of no-confidence at the general meeting on 23 June 2007.[48] Weinkauf would then be contacted by the former president of
Tennis Borussia Berlin Peter Antony. Treasure AG became a sponsor of Tennis Borussia Berlin instead and Weinkauf would later become president of the club.[49]
Thiel sold his rights to the crest back to Bernt and his company BFC Dynamo Vermarktungsgesellschaft m.b.H in 2009.[50] The rights to the old crest where subsequently controlled again by the company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH.[51][52] The company is controlled by Bernt, who sold occasional items with the former crest at his own webpage.[19] However, RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH transferred its rights to company AXXON AG in 2022.[53][54] In connection with the club's 57th anniversary in 2023, the Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer revealed in an exclusive interview with
Berliner Kurier that he had acquired the rights to the crest for the club through one of his companies. After more than 13 years, the traditional crest was finally back with the club. According to Berliner Kurier and
Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR), a six-digit sum is said to have become due.[30][55]
Championship star
The
German Football League (DFL) introduced a system of
championship stars in the 2004–05 season. The system was meant to honor the most successful teams in the Bundesliga by allowing teams to display stars on their shirts for the championships they have won. The system awarded one star for three titles, two stars for five titles, and three stars for ten titles.[56] However, the system only counted titles won in the
Bundesliga since the
1963–64 season.[57][58][59]
BFC Dynamo submitted an application to the DFL and the DFB on 9 August 2004 to receive three stars for its ten
titles in the
DDR-Oberliga. The club asked for equal rights and argued that the
German Football Association (DFB) had absorbed the
German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) with all its statistics, international matches and goal scorers.[56][60][61][57] BFC Dynamo received support from Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg in its attempts to achieve recognition for East German titles.[60][57]
The DFL responded that it was not the responsible body, but the DFB remained silent for a long time.[58] The DFB eventually declared itself responsible and recommended BFC Dynamo to submit a formal application for a new title symbol in accordance with a relevant paragraph.[57][58] BFC Dynamo commissioned a law firm in
Mitte in January 2005 and sent a new letter to the DFB. The DFB announced that the application from BFC Dynamo was going to be negotiated in a meeting with the DFB presidium.[58] The meeting with the DFB presidium on 18 March 2005 agreed that all titles won in East Germany, as well all others titles won in Germany since the first recognized championship in 1903, should qualify for stars.[62] However, the decision was subject to approval by the DFL.[63] No final decision had yet been made by the DFB presidium.[64][65][66][67]
However, BFC Dynamo took matters in its own hands and unilaterally emblazoned its shirts with three stars.[65] The team displayed the three stars for the first time in the match against
FC Energie Cottbus II in the
NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 25 March 2005.[64][65] The claim by BFC Dynamo was controversial because the club had been the favorite club of
Erich Mielke and had had a connection to the
Stasi during the East German era.[65][66][68][69][59] Critics in the DFB environment pointed to politically influenced championships in East Germany. BFC Dynamo had been sponsored by the
Stasi and had enjoyed advantages.[58] The club had privileged access to talents and a permanent training camp at Uckley in
Königs Wusterhausen. However, also other clubs in East Germany had enjoyed similar advantages, which put the DFB in a difficult situation.[58] Also former East German referee and
CDU parliamentarian
Bernd Heynemann spoke out for recognition of all East German titles.[59]
The DFL rejected the application from the DFB and recommended the DFB to only honor clubs that were champions in the Bundesliga.[70] However, the DFB chose to not follow the recommendation. The DFB presidium instead decided on a compromise solution on 19 July 2005 and adopted a new regulation for the 2005–06 season which gave all clubs the right to wear one single star for the championships they have won in the former East Germany and in Germany since 1903. Clubs were also allowed to indicate the number of championships they have won in the center of the star.[71][72][73] The regulation only applies to clubs playing in a league under the DFB umbrella. It does not apply to clubs playing in the 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga, which are organized by the DFL.[72]
The new regulation meant that BFC Dynamo was finally allowed to emblazon its shirts with a championship star. The regulation also affected other former East German teams including Dynamo Dresden with its eight titles,
1. FC Frankfurt with its six titles and Magdeburg with its three titles in the Oberliga.[58][73] BFC Dynamo has since then used the championship star in accordance with DFB graphic standards, displaying a star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German titles.[74]
The long-time home and training facility of BFC Dynamo is the
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in
Alt-Hohenschönhausen in
Berlin. The sports complex is the location of the club offices and the clubhouse.[18] It is also the base of the youth teams.[18] More than 20 youth teams of BFC Dynamo regularly train at the facilities.[75] The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is considered the spiritual home of the club.[18]
The Sportforum Hohenschönhausen was known as the Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era.[76] The sports complex was built as a training center for elite sport and was home to
sports clubSC Dynamo Berlin, with its many departments and squads.[77][78] Development began in 1954 and expansion continued into the 1980s.[79] The Sportforum is still unique as of today.[80] The sports complex covers an area of 45 to 50
hectares and comprises 35 sports facilities as of 2020.[77][80][81][82]
SC Dynamo Berlin played its first season at the large
Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in
Mitte.[83][84] The team moved its home matches to the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum for the short transitional
1955 season.[85] SC Dynamo Berlin then returned to the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion for the 1956 season.[84] The team would play at the Walter-Ublricht-Stadion for the rest of the 1950s.[84]
SC Dynamo Berlin eventually moved its home matches permanently to the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum after the construction of the
Berlin wall began on 13 August 1961.[83][86] The football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum held a capacity of 10,000 spectators at the beginning of the 1961–62 season.[76][nb 1] The team drew average attendances between 3,000 and 6,000 spectators in the DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the 1960s.[98][99] The highlights were matches against local rival
ASK Vorwärts Berlin and the various top teams during the period. The capacity of the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum was gradually expanded during the 1960s.[86][nb 2]
BFC Dynamo began playing occasional matches that required floodlights at the larger Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg from November 1968.[86] The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was the home ground of FC Vorwärts Berlin at the time. However, the stadium became vacant when
FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to
Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971.[102] BFC Dynamo played its home matches in the
1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[103] The matches against
Åtvidabergs FF in the quarter-finals on 22 March 1972 and
FC Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals on 5 April 1972 were each attended by 30,000 spectators.[104][105] The team also played two home matches in the
1971-72 DDR-Oberliga at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[106] However, more matches at the stadium were not possible after the summer of 1972, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was then undergoing extensive renovation for the upcoming
10th World Festival of Youth and Students.[84]
BFC Dynamo was qualified for the
1972-73 UEFA Cup. However, neither the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark nor the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion were available for the upcoming
UEFA Cup matches. Both were undergoing extensive renovation for the 10th World Festival of Youth and Students. Instead, the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum underwent a complete transformation in just five weeks between the end of July 1972 and September 1972.[84] The capacity of the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum was now expanded to 20,000 spectators.[107][108][86] BFC Dynamo played all home matches in the 1972-73 UEFA Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The attendance of 20,000 spectators during the match against
Liverpool on 29 November 1972 is still a record attendance for the stadium.[90] BFC Dynamo remained at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum for a couple more seasons. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum during the 1970s.[109] An average of 12,000 people attended the last six matches of BFC Dynamo at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the second half of the 1973–74 season.[86] The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg in the
1974-75 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 8 March 1975 was attended by a whole 19,000 spectators.[110]
BFC Dynamo eventually moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1975–76 season, due to upcoming repair work at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum.[86] The move was meant to be temporary, but eventually became permanent.[86] The Dynamo-Sportforum would primarily serve as a training facility from then and the football stadium would be used mostly by the reserve team BFC Dynamo II. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark held a capacity of 30,00 spectators in the 1975–76 season.[103] The average home attendance of 16,538 spectators for BFC Dynamo at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in the
1975-76 DDR-Oberliga is the highest average league attendance in club history.[83][112] BFC Dynamo celebrated nine of its ten
DDR-Oberliga titles in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium. The team also played most of its home matches in the
UEFA competitions at the stadium. BFC Dynamo hosted teams such as
Shakhtar Donetsk,
Red Star Belgrade,
Nottingham Forest,
Hamburger SV,
Aston Villa,
AS RomaFC Aberdeen at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium in the 1970s and 1980. However, all matches in the
derby against
1. FC Union Berlin were played at the neutral
Stadion der Weltjugend from the 1976–77 season for security reasons.[113][114][115][116]
A permanent training camp for BFC Dynamo was built in Uckley in the Zernsdorf district of
Königs Wusterhausen in
Bezirk Potsdam at the end of the 1960s.[117] It was located in the woods and completely sealed off from the surroundings.[117][118] The training camp covered an area of around 10 hectares.[118] The complex was equipped with a boarding school, several football pitches, a sports hall, a swimming pool, a fitness area and a sauna.[119][120][121][118][122] The team would gather in Uckley days before its European matches.[83] The players would have access to catering facilities, a nearby lake, a bowling alley, a cinema and pinball machines, among other things.[121][122]
BFC Dynamo moved its home matches temporary to the Dynamo-Sportforum for the 1986–87 season, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was undrgoing redevelopment during the season for the upcoming 750th anniversary of Berlin.[86][103] The team also played its home matches in the
1986-87 European Cup at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The team then returned to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 1987–88 season.[123] The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark now had a new four storey
grandstand and new floodlight masts. The current grandstand and the
floodlights of the stadium dates from this time.[90][124] The club was rebranded as FC Berlin after Die Wende. FC Berlin moved permanently to the
Stadion im Sportforum at the beginning of the 1992–93 season.[90] The team would remain in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for many seasons to come.[86]
The capacity of the Stadion im Sportforum had been reduced to about 12,000 spectators by 1992.[86] FC Berlin only drew an average of a couple of hundred spectators per match at the Stadion im Sportforum in the early and mid-90s. The highlights were the matches against 1. FC Union Berlin. FC Berlin under Club President Volkmar Wanski announced plans in April 1998 to buy and modernize the stadium.[125] However, the plans never materialized. The team saw rising attendance numbers at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 1990s.[109] Active supporters of BFC Dynamo were traditionally found at the northern curved end, popularly known as the Nordwall stand.[112] 4,220 spectators watched the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin at the Stadion im Sportforum on 23 November 1999.[126]
Supporters of BFC Dynamo installed new bucket seats on the main stand and built a new clubhouse next to the main stand of the Stadion im Sportforum in 2001–2003.[127] The Stadion im Sportforum was then equipped with a 25-metre player tunnel and
plexiglass-clad coaching benches in November 2004.[128] BFC Dynamo made new plans for a modern football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2006 under Club President Mario Weinkauf. The club now wanted to build a new modern stadium for 10,000–15,000 spectators.[129] However, these plans did not materialize either. The Stadion im Sportforum was closed at the end of the 2005–06 season following the riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin on 13 May 2006.[130] BFC Dynamo temporarily had to move to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[131] The stadium was then refurbished in 2006–2007 to increase safety and meet the requirements of the NOFV.[132] The refurbishment included a new fence.[133]
BFC Dynamo won promotion to the
Regionalliga Nordost at the end of the 2013–14 season. The team moved permanently to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark for the 2014–15 season, due to increased media and spectator interest following its promotion.[90][134] The
2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost meant matches against well-known opponents such as 1. FC Magdeburg and
FC Carl Zeiss Jena. The more central location of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was seen by the club as an opportunity to attract more spectators.[134] The match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Magdeburg on 8 November 2014 was attended by 5,103 spectators.[135] Active supporters of BFC Dynamo have traditionally been found on the main stand, and on the side opposite the main stand (
German: die Gegengerade) of the Friedrich Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[112] The match between BFC Dynamo and
FC Schalke 04 in the first round of the
2018-19 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 17 August 2017 was watched by 14,117 spectators.[136] The attendance was the highest attendance for BFC Dynamo since the fall of the Berlin wall.[136][137] The average league attendance of BFC Dynamo in the
2017-18 Regionalliga Nordost would also be the highest average league attendance of BFC Dynamo since the
1990-91 season.[99]
BFC Dynamo had to play a number of matches at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 2018–19 season due to safety issues relating to the dilapidated floodlights at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.[138] The move was greeted by some supporters as a move to the true home of the club.[139] The club was then set to return to the Sportforum in the
2020–21 season as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was planned to be demolished for a complete redevelopment.[18] The team was allowed to continue play in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark until 31 December 2020.[140] BFC Dynamo then officially announced on 21 March 2021 that the club was going to move back to the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen for the next season.[141]
The Stadion im Sportforum was equipped with a floodlight system in April 2021.[142][143] The club organized a work effort in the summer of 2021 to get the stadium in shape for the
upcoming Regionalliga season.
[144] Supporters of BFC Dynamo gathered and cleared sections of the old stadium from weeds.[145] Members of the interest group IG BFC'er also restored the iconic manual scoreboard above the curved end towards the Weißenseer Weg in time for the first home match of the 2021–22 season against
Energie Cottbus on 28 July 2021.[146] The attendance for BFC Dynamo at the Stadion im Sportforum in the
2021-22 Regionalliga Nordost was almost tripled compared to the last comparable league season before the
COVID-19 pandemic. 3,219 people watched the match between BFC Dynamo and FC Carl Zeiss Jena on 10 April 2022.[147]
Future stadium
The large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be demolished towards the end of 2023 for a complete redevelopment.[148] The new stadium in the Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is designed as an
inclusive sports facility. The stadium will hold 20,000 spectators and meet the requirements for play in the
3. Liga and
2. Bundesliga.[149][150][148] BFC Dynamo will be able to play matches at the new stadium. The new stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is planned to be opened in 2028.[151]
"We provoked with chants and slogans ... We were right, left, punk, hippie, skinhead. We were direct and provocative, kind and evil, in love, or drunk. Cool words were always well received. Right or left, I don't want to classify one. We were all in our fan group against the
GDR, rebellion!"
Young people were gradually attracted by the provocative image of the club.[154][156] One supporter recalled that the 1980s "were my greatest years, as we always had glorious success in provoking other fans".[161] The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was acclaimed as creative and humorous.[162] One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "Our goal is to always do something that nobody expects!"[163][164][165]The West had a great influence on the supporter scene and fashion played a big role.[166][167][162][168] Football supporters in East Berlin shared a sense of superiority over their counterparts in the
regional districts.[169][155] This was also the case with the supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin, but notably with the supporters of BFC Dynamo.[170][171][157][169][172]
Football-related violence spread in East Germany in the 1970s.[158][173] The hatred of opposing fans welded the supporters of BFC Dynamo together.[174] The supporters of BFC Dynamo responded to the hostile environment and learned to compensate their smaller numbers by being more aggressive and better organized.[162][152][175][176] They would eventually gain a reputation for being particularly organized and violent.[152][177] The development in the supporter scene eventually caught the attention of the authorities. The Stasi would try to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of repressive measures.[112][155] Numerous supporters of BFC Dynamo were sentenced to long and short prison terms in the 1980s.[155]
More and more supporters of BFC Dynamo adopted skinhead fashion in the early 1980s.[155] Skinhead fashion was now considered the most provocative outfit.[155] From the mid-1980s, the supporter scene had increasingly come to be associated with skinhead fashion and far-right tendencies.[162][178][152] Right-wing slogans and
fascist chants were regarded as particularly challenging forms of provocations, as
anti-fascism was state doctrine and
Nazism officially did not exist in East Germany.[179][158][152][155][18] One supporter of BFC Dynamo said: "The scene wasn't right-wing, we did describe ourselves as right-wing, but that was more of a pure provocation, none of us really knew anything about politics. But to
raise your arm in front of the cops was a real kick, for some
Vopos's, their whole world collapsed".[180]
The first East German
hooligan group developed from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene.[165] The more violence the Stasi used, the more radicalized supporters became.[159] An organized hooligan scene that was unique in East Germany would eventually develop at BFC Dynamo in the late 1980s.[176] The
1987-88 FDGB-Pokal final between BFC Dynamo and
FC Carl Zeiss Jena saw some of the most serious violence ever witnessed at a football match in East Germany.[181] Riots broke out in the stadium shortly before the end of the match.[182] Around 300 supporters of BFC Dynamo tried to invade the pitch at the victory ceremony, causing extensive damage.[183] They were only stopped by forces from the
Volkspolizei and the
Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky".[184]
A wave of violence swept through the football stadiums of East Germany in 1990.[164] One of the largest hooligan scenes in Germany was formed around FC Berlin.[185] Expensive sportswear was now the new fashion in the supporter scene; brands such as
Adidas,
Iceberg,
Diesel and
Ray Ban became popular.[186][187][188] 18-year-old FC Berlin supporter Mike Polley was shot dead by police during riots in connection with the away match against
FC Sachsen Leipzig on 3 November 1990.[189] The police had fired between 50 and 100 shots in about a minute.[190] Supporters of FC Berlin organized a funeral march for Polley with 1,000 participants in Prenzlauer Berg on 10 November 1990.[191] An investigation against ten police officers was opened after the shootings, but closed in April 1992.[190][192] The exact circumstances around the death of Polley was never clarified.[193][194]
Stadium attendance at FC Berlin collapsed in 1990. Ordinary supporters disappeared and only young supporters remained.[164] The violent faction of FC Berlin came to shape the entire 1990-91 season.[188] Serious riots broke out in
Rostock in connection with the match between
FC Hansa Rostock and FC Berlin on 16 March 1991. A group of 500–600 supporters of FC Berlin had travelled to the match with a special train. Supporters of FC Berlin devastated a shopping street in central Rostock and clashed with the police. 21 people, including nine police officers, were injured in the turmoil.[195][188][196]
The hooligan scene of FC Berlin at the beginning of the 1990s was considered the most notorious for years in Germany.[164] Hooligans of FC Berlin were subsequently involved in numerous fights in stadiums, woods and meadows.[164] In the years after German reunification, the club's eternal outsider image attracted people from the underground.[156] Playing for meager crowds in regional leagues, the club eventually became a meeting place for individuals from Berlin's
far-right, hooligan and criminal underground.[18]
The FC Berlin mob remained by far the largest in the
New states of Germany in the mid-1990s. The hooligan scene around FC Berlin counted 500 people in 1996.[197] Several outbreaks of violent hooliganism among supporters of BFC Dynamo occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[198][199][200][201][202][203] The period also saw several controversial police operations against BFC Dynamo supporters, including the raid on the Jeton discothèque in
Friedrichshain after a football fan tournament in the
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in August 2005, with 39 people injured, and the violent intervention against BFC Dynamo supporters during the away match against
Tennis Borussia Berlin in December 2008, with 58 persons injured, including seven police officers.[204][205][206]
Contemporary supporter scene
The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo contains various categories of supporters, ranging from older supporters to younger ultras.
Older supporters constitute an essential part of the supporter scene.[156] Many are active in the supporter group 79er.[207] The supporter scene played an important part in saving the club from
bankruptcy in 2001.[18] Supporters threw parties and organized collections, made donations and travelled to countries such as
Austria and
Switzerland to convince creditors to accept smaller pay-offs in order to save the cub.[18] The insolvency crisis remains a defining moment for older supporters.[18] The supporter scene has traditionally arranged an annual Mike-Polley-Gedenkturnier, which is a football fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley.[193][208] A march in memory of Polley in
Leipzig in 2018 was attended by 850 supporters of BFC Dynamo.[209]
New groups of younger
ultra-oriented supporters have emerged since the 2000s.[207][112] Supporter group Fraktion H was founded in 2006 by younger supporters who wanted to create more atmosphere in the stadium.[207][112] A minor ultras scene then emerged with the founding of Ultras BFC in 2011. The ultras of BFC Dynamo have initiated campaigns such as "
Brown is not Claret" and have also engaged in football tournaments for
refugees.[210][112][211] The club has encouraged the new groups of younger supporters and club management has taken a stand against
racism and
right-wing extremism.[212][213][211]
BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters.[156][214][213] Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club.[156] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer stated publicly in connection with a friendly match against
Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium".[215] A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the 2000s.[216][214] No riots has occurred since 2011.[156]
BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin.[156] The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Sektion Süddeutschland, Banda Invicta and Kollektiv Brandenburg.[207][217][112][218][219] Gegengerade is a
left wing-oriented supporter group.[218] A number of supporters of FC Berlin were members of the "
Anti-Fascist Football Fan Initiative" (AFFI) already back in 1993.[220][221][222][223] Supporters of BFC Dynamo have occasionally displayed a banner in the stadium that reads "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out", with a reference to 1980s British cult band
The Smiths.[224]
One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is "Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau" by author Andreas Gläser (
de). The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. The book "Stadionpartisanen - Fans und Hooligans in der DDR", by author Frank Willmann (
de), first published in 2007, also contains extensive interviews with BFC Dynamo supporters from the late 1970s and forward. The book "Riot Boys!" by Jochen Schramm, published posthumously in 1995, depicts the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the early 1980s and contains stories of violent away trips.[225][226]
German
rap musician Joe Rilla has dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called "Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla comes from the locality of
Marzahn and has a background in the BFC Dynamo hooligan scene.[227]
Many players of BFC Dynamo of the 1970s and 1980s played for the
East Germany national team. Some would later become players or coaches in the Bundesliga and play for
Germany national team.
The list includes players with 100 appearances for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo at professional level and who have also played for their national team. The flag indicates the national team they last played for. The players are sorted chronologically by the date of their first appearance with the first team of SC Dynamo Berlin or BFC Dynamo in a competitive match.
SC Dynamo Berlin had six different coaches until the founding of BFC Dynamo in 1966. The first coach was Helmut Petzold, who was delegated along with the team of Dynamo Dresden to Dynamo Berlin and took office on 21 November 1954. Other coaches of Dynamo Berlin were Istvan Orczifalvi, Fritz Bachmann,
János Gyarmati and
Fritz Gödicke. Fritz Bachmann served as coach of Dynamo Berlin during the successful 1959 season.
BFC Dynamo was the most successful club in the
DDR-Oberliga. The club won ten consecutive
championships, which is a feat no other team in East Germany has matched. The DDR-Oberliga was rebranded as the
NOFV-Oberliga from the 1990–91 season. The league was then replaced by the
Bundesliga as the highest competition from the 1991–92 season, as East Germany had joined
West Germany to form the reunited
Germany.
BFC Dynamo is known for a recognized youth work.[276][211] The club had 23 youth teams in the 2021–22 season.[277][211] There were 68 trainers and supervisors responsible for the youth teams in the club during the season.[211] The youth teams range from U7 to U19 teams. The U17 team competes in the third tier B-Junior Verbandsliga Berlin and the U19 team competes in second tier A-Junior Regionalliga Nordost.[277] The youth teams are based in the
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen.[18]
There were more than 800 children and youth players in the club as of 2019.[278] Many children in the club comes from
immigrant backgrounds or socially disadvantaged families.[18][279][3][159][211][6] BFC Dynamo helped football club FC Berlin 23 from neighbouring Storkower Straße in September 2021 and saved more than 40 to 50 children from the club, which was about to be dissolved.[211]
The club launched the so-called "Kita-projekt" in 2003.[280][18] The Kita-projekt is a
day care project that gives boys and girls aged 3 to 6 the opportunity to participate in sports on a regular basis.[18][281] The Kita-projekt involved approximately 200 children from 16 day care centers in Berlin as of 2020.[279] The majority of the children come from the
localities or former
boroughs of
Lichtenberg,
Hohenschönhausen,
Karlshorst,
Mitte,
Weißensee and
Pankow.[281] The Kita-projekt was the first of its kind in Germany and has received several awards for its work with children.[18][282][283] The former professional player of BFC Dynamo
Jörn Lenz is the head of the Kita-projekt as of 2021.[283]
The so-called "Jugendförderverein" was founded in 2004.[258] It is a
registered voluntary association that aims to promote youth sports at BFC Dynamo. The Jugendförderverein has supported youth teams with equipment, covered costs for trips to tournaments and helped youth trainers to be able to obtain their trainer license. The Jugendförderverein relies on donations and voluntary work.[284] Former Club President Mario Weinkauf was one of the seven founding members of the Jugenförderverein and briefly served as chairman of the association before he became club president. Weinkauf had also been a youth trainer in the club for some time.[258]
Youth academy during East German era
BFC Dynamo had a very successful youth academy during the East German era.[285][152][286] The youth department had full-time trainers available for all youth classes and access to the best material conditions in the
Dynamo-Sportforum.[287][288] There were no less than 40 full-time trainers in the club.[289] Youth coaches were highly qualified and training in the Children and Youth
Sports School (
German: Kinder- und Jugendsportschule) (KJS) was extensive.[290][291] The youth work at BFC Dynamo during the East German era was described as "absolutely leading" by former coach
Jürgen Bogs, who had a background as coach of the junior team.[287][288] It was also described as "exquisite" by former German sports journalist Horst Friedemann, who worked for
Deutsches Sportecho and
Kicker.[286]
The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas.[181][292] All designated
football clubs were assigned one or two
regional districts in East Germany as catchment areas at their founding in 1965–1966. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned
Bezirk Cottbus and one third of the districts in East Berlin.[293][294] The club was later allowed to take over the training centers (
German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) in East Berlin that had previously belonged to the catchment area of FC Vorwärts Berlin, when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to
Frankfurt an der Oder before the
1971-72 season.[295][294]FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was in turn allowed to take over
Bezirk Potsdam, which had previously belonged to the catchment area of 1. FC Union Berlin.[295]
BFC Dynamo, as well as
FC Vorwärts Berlin and
SG Dynamo Dresden, also had another structural advantage when it came to recruiting talents.[296] Most
sports associations (
German: Sportvereinigung) (SV) were dissolved at the founding of the
DTSB in 1957.[297] However, sports associations
SV Dynamo and
ASV Vorwärts were allowed to continue exist.[298] A decision in the
SEDPolitburo in 1962 then stipulated that the sports associations SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts were allowed to set up sports communities in each location where they operated offices. This meant that SV Dynamo and ASV Vorwärts would be able to run sports communities across the country.[299] BFC Dynamo would eventually be able recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities (
German: Sportgemeinschaft) (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in
Bezirk Dresden and a number of other sports communities in the southern regional districts that belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden.[287][181][300][nb 19]
The basis of the East German selection and screening system in competitive sports would eventually be formed by special training centers (TZ).[305][306][nb 20] SV Dynamo would operate numerous training centers across the whole of East Germany. The training centers were either assigned to BFC Dynamo or SG Dynamo Dresden, depending on catchment area. Training in these training centers were better than elsewhere. The work in the training centers was supervised and directed by BFC Dynamo. The best talents from the individual training centers were then brought together and selected in a multi-day screening session.[310] BFC Dynamo would come to benefit from a nationwide scouting network, which included the partnership with
Bezirk Cottbus and 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo.[311][312][313] In total, BFC Dynamo had access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area.[314]
A number of football clubs became specially promoted
focus clubs in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution.[315][316] The focus clubs received additional financial support from the DTSB and other advantages.[317] The DTSB would try to equip the new focus clubs with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions.[318] BFC Dynamo became the focus club in East Berlin.[300] In the 1976 DFV Football Resolution, focus club were also allowed delegate youth players from other football clubs.[319] Focus clubs were also given the right to delegate 12 students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year.[300][320] Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students to their affiliated Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) every year.[320] The elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" provided boarding and schooling for talented youth players of BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sportforum.[321][322][298] The Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" was affiliated to sports club
SC Dynamo Berlin.[323]
Numerous players from East Germany joined West German clubs at the end of East Germany. Many came from BFC Dynamo. More than 110 players who had been trained in East Germany, primarily in a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS), would go on to play for West German or West Berlin clubs in the
Bundesliga after the end of East Germany. German author Michael Peter has created a database for all players who had been trained in East Germany and who played for West German or West Berlin football clubs after 1990. For players born before 1976, BFC Dynamo was the biggest contributor. 98 players, born before 1976, came from the ten designated
football clubs and SG Dynamo Dresden. 18 of these, came from BFC Dynamo.[299]
Honours
Next Generation Oberliga (
German: Nachwuchsoberliga) (
de)[a]
^Corresponds to U21 level. The league existed from 1976 to 1983 and 1989 to 1991. The reserve teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were no longer allowed to participate in the
DDR-Liga after the 1975-76 season. The Junior Oberliga (
de) was also disbanded after the season. The Next Generation Oberliga was introduced instead. Youth teams of the 14 DDR-Oberliga clubs were all eligible to start in the 1976-77 Next Generation Oberliga. Next Generation Oberliga was disbanded after the 1982-83 season. All teams were instead assigned to the third tier Bezirksliga. BFC Dynamo participated in the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin with reserve team BFC Dynamo II. BFC Dynamo II won the 1983-84 Bezirksliga Berlin and qualified for the 1984-85 DDR-Liga A.
^Sources vary on the history of the stadium. A few sources state that the stadium was constructed in 1954 and then refurbished in 1973.[78][87] A centrally located football stadium is depicted in the early plans for the Dynamo-Sportforum by architects Walter Schmidt and Heinz Scharlipp.[88] Other sources suggest that the stadium was completed in its current form in 1970.[89][81][90]
^The capacity was 12,000 at the beginning of the 1966–67 season and 14,000 at the beginning of the 1968–69 season.[100][101]
^Manfred Kirste was the first president and is the longest serving president. He served as president from 15 January 1966 to 30 August 1988.
^Became acting president after the dismissal of Herbert Krafft on 19 February 1990. Bogs served as acting president until 27 May 1990.[233]
^Dr. Klaus Janz served as president until 15 October 1990.[234] He asked to be relieved from the office due to professional stress as a lawyer. He continued as vice president.[235]
^Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich became president on 15 October 1990. He had a background as a club doctor for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo. Hösrich had previously served as vice president.[236][235] The presidium under Dr. Wolfgang Hösrich was replaced by a new presidium under Eberhard Landmann on 20 May 1994.[237][238][239]
^Eberhard Landmann became president on 20 May 1994.[240] Landmann was a former insurance salesman. He only served as president for nine months.[237][238][241]
^Klaus Bittroff was elected as the new president on 10 February 1995 with the votes 73-11. Volkmar Wanski was elected as one of two
vice presidents alongside re-elected Lutz Hoff.[242][241][240] Bittroff had previously served as president of
Wacker 04 Berlin from 1984 to 1991.[240]
^Became new president after the resignation of Klaus Bittroff on 14 September 1995.[243] Wanski resigned on 29 June 2000.[244][241][245]
^Sports director Hans Reker was appointed acting president by the Economic Council following the resignation of Volkmar Wanski on 29 June 2000.[244][245] Reker had held the position of vice president in the presidium of Volkmar Wanski.[246] Karin Halsch took office as new president on 27 September 2000.[247]
^Karin Halsch was known as Karin Seidel-Kalmutzki during the era. Served from 27 September 2000 to 25 June 2001.[247][248]
^Sports director Hans Reker served as acting president following the resignation of Karin Halsch on 25 June 2001.[248][249] Hans Reker held the position of vice president in the presidium of Karin Halsch.[250][251] He resigned together with the entire
presidium on 30 October 2001.[252] An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office. The emergency board was meant to serve until the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001.[252][253]
^An emergency board formed by André Sommer, Rayk Bernt and press spokesman Holger Zimmermann took office on 1 November 2001. No new president was appointed for the transitional board.[252][253] Zimmerman soon resigned on 23 November 2001.[43] A new presidium was due to be elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 26 November 2001. However, the meeting agenda was changed with the votes 87 to 59 at the insistence of the emergency board. The meeting was converted into an information event and new elections were postponed.[43][254] Club members collected signatures for the election of a new presidium. But the signatures would be ignored by Sommer and Bernt.[255] The Sommer and Bernt presidium was finally overthrown by supporters and the former coach of the women's team Volkmar Lucius after an application to the Charlottenburg district court.[255][256] The Charlottenburg district court appointed Lucius as emergency board member.[255] A new presidium was elected on the extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002.[257]
^Elected on an extraordinary general meeting on 31 May 2002.[257]
^Mario Weinkauf was elected president on 18 June 2004.[258] He resigned on a meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. He was then dismissed in a vote of no-confidence on an extra-ordinary general meeting on 23 June 2007. Mario Weinkauf was succeeded by Volkmar Wanski as interim president. Volkmar Wanski had been co-opted into the presidium and elected as the provisional successor to Mario Weinkauf on the meeting with the presidium on 22 June 2007. However the interim presidency of Volkmar Wanski was controversial. It was put into question whether his election was compliant with club statutes. Volkmar Wanski resigned after only six days.[259][260][261]
^Frank Bertron was launched as interim president by the new Economic Council under Peter Meyer.[132][261] He was presented as new president on 28 June 2007.[261]
^Norbert Uhlig is the second longest serving president after Manfred Kirste. Norbert Uhlig has been president since 11 October 2008.[262]
^German sports historian
Hanns Leske writes that BFC Dynamo was able to recruit young players from the youth departments of all sports communities (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in Bezirk Dresden.[301] German author Anne Hahn writes that the training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany were divided between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden. She writes that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin and Berlin. The best talents were brought together in these training centers and then selected in a central, multi-day screening courses.[302] Also Horst Friedemann claims that the catchment area of BFC Dynamo included the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde and Schwerin. According to Friedemann, the SV Dynamo sports communities (SG) of Eisleben and Halle/Neustadt instead belonged to the catchment area of SG Dynamo Dresden. That was the "southern line", where Dresden had access.[303][304]
^The first training centers (TZ) in East German sports were set up in the mid-1960s.[307] The training centers (TZ) were the first preparatory stage for the support of children found suitable for sports. Training in training centers usually started at the age of 10.[307] The training course usually lasted for three to four years.[307] From the training centers, the best young talents could then be delegated to a Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) and a
Sports club (SC) or a
Football club (FC).[308][305][309]
^"Visitenkarte"(PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1977, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin: Sportverlag GmbH. August 1977. p. 8.
ISSN0323-6420. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
^Thiemann, Klaus (August 1989).
"Visitenkarte"(PDF). Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1989, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin. p. 5.
ISSN0323-6420. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
^
abBertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (1st ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 102–103.
ISBN978-3-944068-38-1.
^
abcdefghijkKoch, Matthias (14 June 2007).
"Teure Marke Dynamo". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
^
abcdeKoch, Matthias (20 June 2007).
"D-Day bei Dynamo". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^
abMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 317.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^
abcdKoch, Matthias (8 January 2006).
"Der BFC Dynamo zähmt sich selbst". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^
abcdHönicke, Christian (26 March 2005).
"Sternstunden im Sportforum". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
^Geisler, Sven (9 August 2013).
"Verpfiffen". Sächsische Zeitung (in German).
Dresden: Sächsische Zeitung GmbH. Retrieved 27 October 2020. Laut einer internen Analyse der Saison 1984/85 gab es in acht von 26 Spielen klare Fehlentscheidungen, die den Berlinern mindestens acht Punkte brachten. So gewinnen sie mit sechs Zählern Vorsprung auf Dynamo Dresden und Lok Leipzig zum siebenten Mal in Folge den Titel.
^
abcdefghijKaras, Steffen (2022). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (2nd ed.).
Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 65–68.
ISBN978-3-944068-95-4.
^"Visitenkarte"(PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (in German). Vol. 1972, no. Sonderausgabe. Berlin:
DFV der DDR. September 1972. p. 6.
ISSN0323-6420. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^Bläsig, Horst (21 August 2005).
"Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020. Ausgetragen wurden die Derbys seit den 70er Jahren bis zur Wende im Stadion der Weltjugend an der Chausseestraße. Anfangs wegen des großen Zuschauerandrangs, später auch wegen der besseren Kontrollmöglichkeit. Das enge Stadion von Union am Rande der Wuhlheide war den DDR-Sicherheitsorganen als vermeintlicher Hort von Jugendprotest, Rowdytum und Zersetzung ohnehin ein Dorn im Auge.
^Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.).
Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 53–54.
ISBN0-415-35195-2.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.).
New York: Berghahn Books. p. 132.
ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^von Alten, Saara; Pfaffenzeller, Martin (11 August 2015).
"Gebäude neben geplanter Asylunterkunft brennt". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^Görke, André; Goldmann, Sven (7 March 2008).
"Tribünen in Trümmern". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
^
abBardow, Dominik (11 August 2014).
"Wende im Gelände". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^Ludweig, Alxander (27 May 2022).
"Endlich in den Westen?". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^
abStier, Sebastian (6 August 2011).
"Wenn Hooligans weinen". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
^
abGörke, André (30 August 2007).
"Schläger hinter Stacheldraht". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 39.
ISBN978-3-00-039788-2. 'Wir provozierten meist Gesängen und Spruchparolen, wie zum Beispiel: "Hundert Meter im Quadrat, Mauer, Miene, Stacheldraht, jetz wißt ihr wo ich wohne, ja ich wohne in der Zone". Oder: "Einmar wird es anders sein, dann sperren wir die Bullen ein." Wir waren rechts, links, Punk, Hippie, Skinhead. Wir waren direkt und provozierend, lieb und böse, verliebt oder besoffen. Coole Sprüche kamen immer gut an. Rechts oder links, will ich keinen einordnen. Wir waren in unserer Fangruppe alle gegen die DDR, Rebellion!'
^McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 225.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 39.
ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 132.
ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. p. 176.
ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.).
New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 131–132.
ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher (2006). German Football: History, Culture, Society (1st ed.).
Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 56.
ISBN0-415-35195-2.
^McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Societwey in East Germany (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 234.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. pp. 175–176.
ISBN978-3-00-039788-2.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.).
New York: Berghahn Books. p. 140.
ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^Willmann, Frank (2013). Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR (1st ed.). Berlin: nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien. pp. 75–76.
ISBN978-3-00-039788-2. Rechts war die Szene nicht, wir ham uns zwar als rechts bezeichnet, doch war das eher pure Provokation, über Politik wusste keiner groß Bescheid. Aber vor den Bullen den Arm zu heben, war schon ein Ding, da ist bei einigen Vopos's ne Welt zusammengebrochen.
^Dennis, Mike; LaPorte, Norman (2011). State and Minorities in Communist East Germany (1st ed.).
New York: Berghahn Books. p. 141.
ISBN978-0-85745-195-8.
^McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 211.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^"Neonazismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus in der DDR". hagalil.com (in German). München: Dr. Andrea Livnat (ViSdP ). 29 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2023. Ca. 300 Berliner Fans versuchten gewaltsam auf das Spielfeld zu gelangen, was "Sicherungskräfte des Wachregimentes des MfS und der Volkspolizei" verhindern konnten.
^Bertram, Marco (2015). BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel (1st ed.). Berlin: CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger. pp. 88–89.
ISBN978-3-944068-38-1.
^
abKohlhuber, Sören (4 November 2015).
"Der letzte deutsche Fußballtote". Zeit Online (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^Skorupinski, Dierek (12 February 2016).
"Tod eines Fußballfans". Der Freitag (in German). Berlin: der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG. Archived from
the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^Landwehr, Bernhard (17 May 1996).
"Dynamos abgewickelte Kinder". Die Zeit (in German). No. 21/1996. Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Archived from
the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
^Behrendt, Michael; Lier, Axel; Schlichting, Sebastian (23 August 2005).
"Vorwürfe nach Polizeieinsatz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^Willmann, Frank (26 September 2012).
"Willmanns Kolumne: Arthur aus Marzahn -". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
^Koch, Matthias (30 July 2007).
""Wer pöbelt, der fliegt"". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 28 December 2021. Das betrifft Rechte und Hooligans? Das betrifft alle, die bei Fußballspielen stören. Wer Naziparolen brüllt, fliegt aus dem Stadion.
^
abGlaser, Joakim (2015). Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland [Football from Mielke to Merkel] (in Swedish) (1st ed.).
Malmö: Arx Förlag AB. p. 98.
ISBN978-91-87043-61-1.
^Vogelsang, Lucas (20 November 2008).
"Ultras Kutten Hooligans". 11 Freunde (in German). Berlin: 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^"Riot Boys!". buchfreund.de (in German).
Würzburg: w+h GmbH. n.d. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
^
abcBurghause, Hans Günter (13 February 1995).
"Klaus Bittroff heißt der neue Kopf". Kicker (in German). Nuremberg: Olympia Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
^
abKepler, Wolf (3 July 2000).
"Geldgeber LIPRO will die Macht". Fußball-Woche (
de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^
abcHöfgen, Ingmar (31 October 2001).
"Dynamo: Präsidium trat zurück". Berliner Kurier (in German). Berlin: Berliner Verlag GmbH. Bis zur Mitgliederversammlung am 26.11. werden Rayk Bernt, André Sommer und Holger Zimmermann die Geschäfte führen.
^Schwarz, R. (25 April 2005).
"Sievert traf und verletzte sich". Fußball-Woche (
de) (in German). Berlin: Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
^
ab"KITA-PROJEKT". bfc.com (in German).
Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
^"Jugendförderverein". bfc.com (in German).
Berlin: Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
^
abBläsig, Horst (21 August 2005).
"Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz". Die Welt (in German). Berlin: WeltN24 GmbH. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
^
abcMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 227.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 31.
ISBN978-3832419226. Nicht weniger als vierzig hauptamtliche Trainer arbeiten für den Verein.
^Mike, Dennis; Grix, Jonathan (2012). Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' (1st ed.).
Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited). p. 141.
ISBN978-0-230-22784-2.
^Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2000). Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! (1st ed.). Berlin: BasisDruck. pp. 64–65.
ISBN978-3-86163-106-4. Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen, aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt verfügte Union über ein Drittel der Berliner Leistungszentren und den Bezirk Potsdam als Einzugsgebiet. Als der FC Vorwärts jedoch nach Frankfurt umgesiedelt wurde, bekam er als Talentequelle neben dem nun "eigenen" Bezirk Frankfurt/Oder auch noch Potsdam zugewiesen. Und der BFC übernamn das Drittel der Berliner Nachwuchsschmieden, das vordem die Armeesportler inne hatten. Damit verfügten die Dynamos über das Einzugsgebiet Cottbus plus zwei Drittel Berlins.
^Reichelt, Frank (1995). Das System des Leistungssports in der DDR: Darstellung der Struktur und des Aufbaus anhand ausgewählter Beispiele (1st ed.). Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH. p. 31.
ISBN9783832429607.
^
abBraun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit. Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 321.
ISBN978-3-86153-399-3.
^
abcLeske, Hanns (2012). "Hierachie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Priviligierung des Schwerpunktclubs". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.).
Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen.
ISBN978-3-937967-91-2.
^Leske, Hanns (2021).
Enzyklopädie des DDR-Fußballs(PDF) (2nd ed.).
Bielefeld: Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH. pp. 18–21.
ISBN978-3-89533-556-3. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 13 February 2022. Ab Mitte der siezbsiger Jahre übernahm dann der BFC die dominierende und priviligierte Position. Er konnte sich aus dem Nachwuchsbereich aller Dynamo-Sportgemeinschaften (außer Dynamo-Klubs im Bezirk Dresen) bedienen und tat dies auch reichlich, hinzu kamen noch jene Berliner Stadtbezirke, die bis 1971 Einzugsbereich des ASK bzw. FC Vorwärts gewesen waren.
^Hahn, Anne (12 May 2022).
"BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters". Die Zeit (in German). Hamburg: Zeit Online GmbH. Retrieved 12 May 2022. Dynamo betrieb in der DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder der SG Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Das Einzugsgebiet für den BFC umfasste die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin und Berlin. In diesen Trainingszentren wurden die besten Talente zusammengefasst, die bei einem zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang ausgewählt wurden.
^Karas 2022, p. 49 Horst Friedemann: 'Der BFC war der Sportclub der SV Dynamo, und die Dynamo-Gemeinschaften Rostock-Mitte, Neustrelitz, Fürstenwalde, Schwerin haben dem BFC die Talente zugliefert. Eiseleben und Halle/Neustadt gingen nach Dresden, das war die Südlinie, da hatte Dresden den Zugriff.'
^Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.).
Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 75.
ISBN3-360-01227-5.
^Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.).
Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 93.
ISBN3-360-01227-5. Jürgen Bogs: 'Dynamo hatte in der ganzen DDR flächendeckend Trainingszentren, die je nach Einzugsgebiet dem BFC oder Dynamo Dresden zugeordnet waren. Bereits in diesen Trainingszentren wurde besser trainiert als anderswo, denn dort wurden ja schon Spieler zusammengefasst, die aufgrund ihres individuellen Könnens aufgefallen sind. Und die Arbeit der Zentren wurde vom BFC zusätzlich beobachtet und gesteuert. Es gab einen zentralen, mehrtägigen Sichtungslehrgang, dort wurden die besten Talente der einzelnen Trainingszentren zusammengefasst, von diesen vierzig Mann wuden vielleicht zehn genommen.'
^Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 30.
ISBN978-3832419226. Der BFC Dynamo Berlin besaß das einmalige Privileg im Fußball der DDR, die besten Spieler und Talente nach Ostberlin zu delegieren. Allein für den Erfolg von Fußballverein BFC Dynamo Berlin wurden über 33 Trainingszentren des SV Dynamo errichtet, in denen junge begabte Fußballspieler ausgebildet wurden. Zuden bestand eine Partnerschaft mit dem Bezirk Cottbus.
^Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.).
Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 203.
ISBN3-360-01227-5. Das DDR - weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie der Partnerbezirk Cottbus hatte den Talentstrom nie abreißen lassen.
^Friedemann, Horst (1991). Sparwasser und Mauerblümchen: Die Geschichte des Fussballs in der DDR, 1949–1991 (in German) (1st ed.).
Essen: Klartext Verlag. p. 128.
ISBN978-3884744628. Das DDR-weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie im Partnerbezirk Cottbus hat den Talentenachschub nie abreiß en lassen.
^Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (1st ed.). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 380.
ISBN978-3861533993. Bei den Clubmannschaften existierte eine Zweiklassenesellschaft. In Berlin genoss der BFC Dynamo besondere Privilegien. So standen dem von Ministerium für Staatssicherheit finanzierten und als Lieblingskind Erich Mielkes bekannten Club aus Hohenschönhausen republikweit 38 Trainingszentren (TZ) zur Verfügung, aus denen er seine Talente rekrutiere konnte. Der 1. FC Union hingegen musste sich mit 6 TZs im Berliner Raum zufrienden geben.
^Leske, Hanns (2012). "Hierarchie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Privilegierung der Schwerpunktclubs". Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED (in German) (2nd ed.).
Erfurt: Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen.
ISBN978-3-937967-91-2.
^Kummer, Michael (2010).
Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen(PDF) (PhD) (in German).
Potsdam:
University of Potsdam. p. 215. Retrieved 5 April 2021. Der Bundesvorstand des DTSB versuchte nach 1971, die Reihe der Schwerpunktklubs, zu denen auch der FC Carl Zeiss gehörte, mit mehr Personal (Trainer, Betreuer, medzinisches und Verwaltungspersonal) und besser materiell-technischen Bedingungen auszustatten und die Nachwuchsgewinnung durch die Neufestlegung von Einzugsgebieten zugunsten dieser Clubs zu verbessern.
^
abMcDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany (1st ed.).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 123.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
^Karas 2022, p. 116. "7. Juni 1975 Fußball-Insider schwärmten gerade noch vom 1957er-Jahrgang des BFC, der im Jahr 1975 allein fünf Junioren-Nationalspieler stellte, da machten in der Jugendelf schon die nächsten talente auf sich aufmerksam. Im Pokalfinale noch unterlegel, wurde der BFC Dynamo in thüringischen Hildburghausen durch ein 4:0-Endspielsieg gegen der FC Hansa Rostock DDR-Meister. Allein im Endspiel standen mit Berd Schulz, Olaf Seier, Ralf Sträßer, Peter Hackbusch (die später alle mal beim 1. FC Union landeten) und Frank Rode kommende Stars auf dem Platz."
^Gläser, Andreas (21 August 2005).
"Willkommen in der Zone". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin: Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^
abSchoen, Herbert (1 April 1999).
"Leserbrife: Wieso war der BFC so oft DDR-Meister?". Neues Deutschland (in German). Berlin: Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH. Retrieved 2 September 2020. Herbert Schoen: Wo sind denn in dem Artikel von Herrn Wieczorek die vielen Namen von Oberligaklubs und fertigen Oberligaspielern, die in den letzten 10 BFC-Meisterjahren einen »Marschbefehl« erhielten? Selbstverständlich wurden in jungen Jahren auch viele Talente aus der Sportvereinigung Dynamo sowie kleinen Vereinen frühzeitig in den Klub delegiert. Aber außer Lauck und Doll sind keine Spieler aus anderen Oberligavereinen im Kader gewesen.
Gläser, Andreas (2003). Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau: Ein stolzer Sohn des Proletariats erzählt (in German). Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch.
ISBN978-3746618616.
Karas, Steffen (2020). 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON Medien.
ISBN978-3-944068-95-4.
Leske, Hanns (2004). Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR (in German). Göttingen: Verlag Die Werkstatt.
ISBN3-89533-448-0.
Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin.
ISBN3-360-01227-5.
McDougall, Alan (2014). The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN978-1-107-05203-1.
Schramm, Jochen (1995). Riot Boys! (in German) Cologne: KRASH-Verlag.
ISBN978-3930559220.