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Genus of snakes
Atractus is a
genus of
colubrid ground snakes in the
subfamily
Dipsadinae . The genus includes more than 140 distinct
species .
[2]
Geographic range
Snakes of the genus Atractus are
endemic to
Central and
South America .
[1]
Description
In the genus Atractus the
maxilla is short, with 8–12 teeth; the maxillary and
mandibular teeth decrease in size posteriorly. The head is not distinct from the neck. The eye is small, with a round or subelliptic pupil. The nostril is between two
nasal scales . The
preocular is usually absent, and the
loreal and
prefrontal scales enter the orbit. The body is cylindrical. The
dorsal scales are smooth, without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows. The
ventral scales are rounded. The tail can be either short or rather long. The
subcaudals are paired.
[1]
Reproduction
The genus Atractus is
oviparous .
[3]
Species
The following species are recognized as being valid.
[3]
Nota bene : A
binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Atractus .
Atractus aboiporu
Melo-Sampaio ,
Passos ,
Fouquet ,
Prudente &
Torres-Carvajal , 2019
Atractus acheronius Passos,
Rivas &
Barrio-Amorós , 2009
Atractus akerios Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente,
Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021
Atractus albuquerquei
Cunha &
Nascimento , 1983 – Albuquerque ground snake
[4]
Atractus alphonsehogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983 – Alphonse's ground snake
Atractus altagratiae Passos &
Fernandes , 2008
Atractus alytogrammus
G. Köhler &
Kieckbusch , 2014
Atractus andinus
Prado , 1944 – Andean ground snake
Atractus apophis Passos &
J.D. Lynch , 2010
Atractus arangoi Prado, 1940 – brown ground snake, big ground snake
Atractus atlas Passos,
Scanferla , Melo-Sampaio,
Brito &
Almendariz , 2018 – atlas ground snake
Atractus atratus Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
Atractus attenuatus
Myers &
Schargel , 2006
Atractus avernus Passos et al., 2009
Atractus ayeush
Esqueda , 2011
Atractus badius (
F. Boie , 1827) – Boie's ground snake
Atractus biseriatus Prado, 1941 – two-lined ground snake
[5]
Atractus bocki
F. Werner , 1909 –
Bock's ground snake
[6]
Atractus bocourti
Boulenger , 1894 –
Bocourt's ground snake
[7]
[6]
Atractus boimirim Passos, Prudente & J.D. Lynch, 2016
Atractus boulengerii
Peracca , 1896
Atractus caete Passos et al., 2010
Atractus careolepis G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014
Atractus carrioni
Parker , 1930 – Parker's ground snake, Carrion's ground snake
Atractus caxiuana Prudente &
Santos-Costa , 2006
Atractus cerberus
Arteaga et al., 2017 – Cerberus ground snake
[8]
Atractus charitoae
Silva Haad , 2004
Atractus chthonius Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010
Atractus clarki
Dunn &
Bailey , 1939 – Clark's ground snake
Atractus collaris Peracca, 1896 – collared ground snake
Atractus crassicaudatus (
A.M.C. Duméril ,
Bibron &
A.H.A. Duméril , 1854) – thickhead ground snake
Atractus dapsilis Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
Atractus darienensis Myers, 2003
Atractus depressiocellus Myers, 2003
Atractus discovery Arteaga, Quezada, Vieira, & Guayasamin, 2022
Atractus duboisi (Boulenger, 1880)
Atractus duidensis
Roze , 1961 – Venezuela ground snake
Atractus dunni
Savage , 1955 – Dunn's ground snake
Atractus echidna Passos et al., 2009
Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, 1955 – Ecuadorean ground snake
Atractus edioi
da Silva et al., 2005
Atractus elaps (
Günther , 1858) – black ground snake
Atractus emigdioi
Gonzalez-Sponga , 1971 – Emigdio's ground snake
Atractus emmeli (
Boettger , 1888) – Emmel's ground snake, Boettger's ground snake
Atractus eriki Esqueda,
La Marca &
Bazó , 2007
Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, 1903 – red-black ground snake
Atractus esepe Arteaga et al., 2017 – indistinct ground snake
[8]
Atractus favae (
de Filippi , 1840) – Filippi's ground snake
Atractus flammigerus (F. Boie, 1827) – flaming ground snake
Atractus franciscopaivai Silva Haad, 2004
Atractus francoi Passos et al., 2010
Atractus fuliginosus (
Hallowell , 1845) – Hallowell's ground snake
Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955 – Gaige's ground snake
Atractus gigas Myers & Schargel, 2006 – giant ground snake
Atractus guentheri (
Wucherer , 1861) – Günther's ground snake
Atractus heliobelluomini Silva Haad, 2004
Atractus heyeri Esqueda &
McDiarmid , 2015
Atractus hoogmoedi Prudente & Passos, 2010
Atractus hostilitractus Myers, 2003
Atractus imperfectus Myers, 2003
Atractus indistinctus Prado, 1940 – indistinct ground snake
Atractus insipidus Roze, 1961
Atractus iridescens
Peracca , 1896 – iridescent ground snake
Atractus lancinii Roze, 1961 – Lancini's ground snake
Atractus lasallei
Amaral , 1931 – Lasalle's ground snake
Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) – broadhead ground snake
Atractus lehmanni Boettger, 1898 – Lehmann's ground snake
Atractus loveridgei Amaral, 1930 – Loveridge's ground snake
Atractus macondo Passos, J.D. Lynch & Fernandes, 2009
Atractus maculatus (Günther, 1858) – spotted ground snake
Atractus major Boulenger, 1894 – brown ground snake
Atractus manizalesensis Prado, 1940
Atractus mariselae Lancini, 1969 – Marisela's ground snake
Atractus marthae
Meneses-Pelayo & Passos, 2019
Atractus matthewi
Markezich & Barrio-Amorós, 2004
Atractus medusa Passos et al., 2009
Atractus melanogaster
F. Werner , 1916 – blackbelly ground snake
Atractus melas Boulenger, 1908 – dark ground snake
Atractus meridensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus michaelsabini Arteaga, Quezada, Vieira, & Guayasamin, 2022
Atractus micheleae Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus microrhynchus (
Cope , 1868)
Atractus mijaresi Esqueda & La Marca , 2005
Atractus modestus Boulenger, 1894 – modest ground snake
Atractus multicinctus (
Jan , 1865) – banded ground snake
Atractus multidentatus Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009
Atractus nasutus Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
Atractus natans
Hoogmoed & Prudente, 2003
Atractus nawa Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021
Atractus nicefori Amaral, 1930 – northern ground snake
Atractus nigricauda
Schmidt &
Walker , 1943 – black-headed ground snake
Atractus nigriventris Amaral, 1933 – black-ventered ground snake
Atractus obesus
Marx , 1960 – fat ground snake
Atractus obtusirostris F. Werner, 1916 – bignose ground snake
Atractus occidentalis Savage, 1955 – western ground snake
Atractus occipitoalbus (Jan, 1862) – gray ground snake
Atractus ochrosetrus Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus oculotemporalis Amaral, 1932 – Hispanic ground snake
Atractus orcesi Savage, 1955
Atractus pachacamac Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021
Atractus paisa Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, 1937 – Pamplona ground snake
Atractus pantostictus Fernandes &
Puorto , 1993
Atractus paraguayensis F. Werner, 1924
Atractus paucidens
Despax , 1910 – Despax's ground snake
Atractus pauciscutatus Schmidt & Walker, 1943 – little-scaled ground snake
Atractus paulus Melo-Sampaio & Venegas, 2023
Atractus peruvianus (Jan, 1862) – Peru ground snake
Atractus poeppigi (Jan, 1862) – basin ground snake
Atractus potschi Fernandes, 1995
Atractus punctiventris Amaral, 1933 – pointed ground snake
Atractus resplendens F. Werner, 1901 – resplendent ground snake
Atractus reticulatus (Boulenger, 1885) – reticulate ground snake
Atractus riveroi Roze, 1961 –
Rivero's ground snake
[6]
Atractus ronnie Passos, Fernandes &
Borges-Nojosa , 2007
Atractus roulei Despax, 1910 –
Roule's ground snake
[6]
Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, 1946 – St. Marta's ground snake
Atractus sanguineus Prado, 1944 – bloody ground snake
Atractus savagei
Salazar-Valenzuela , Torres-Carvajal & Passos, 2014 – Savage’s ground snake
Atractus schach (F. Boie, 1827) – Schach's ground snake
Atractus serranus Amaral, 1930 – Sao Paulo ground snake
Atractus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
Atractus spinalis Passos et al., 2013
Atractus steyermarki Roze, 1958
Atractus stygius Passos,
Azevedo ,
Nogueira , Fernandes &
Sawaya , 2019
Atractus surucucu Prudente, 2008
Atractus tamaensis Esqueda & La Marca, 2005
Atractus tamessari
Kok , 2006
Atractus taphorni Schargel &
García-Pérez , 2002
Atractus tartarus Passos, Prudente & J.D. Lynch, 2016
Atractus thalesdelemai Passos, Fernandes &
Zanella , 2005
Atractus titanicus Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009
Atractus torquatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – neckband ground snake
Atractus touzeti Schargel et al., 2013
Atractus trefauti Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
Atractus trihedrurus Amaral, 1926 – southern ground snake
Atractus trilineatus
Wagler , 1828 – three-lined ground snake
Atractus trivittatus Amaral, 1933 – three-banded ground snake
Atractus turikensis
Barros , 2000
Atractus typhon Passos et al., 2009
Atractus ukupacha Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021
Atractus variegatus Prado, 1942 – variegated ground snake
Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1905 – speckled ground snake
Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, 1904 – vertebral ground snake
Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, 1941 – striped ground snake
Atractus vittatus Boulenger, 1894
Atractus wagleri Prado, 1945 – Wagler's ground snake
Atractus werneri Peracca, 1914 – Werner's ground snake
Atractus zebrinus (Jan, 1862)
Atractus zgap Arteaga, Quezada, Vieira, & Guayasamin, 2022
Atractus zidoki
Gasc &
Rodriques , 1979 – Zidok's ground snake
References
^
a
b
c
Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (Genus Atractus , p. 300).
^
Köhler G ,
Kieckbusch M (2014).
"Two new species of Atractus from Colombia (Reptilia, Squamata, Dipsadidae)" (PDF) .
Zootaxa . 3872 (3): 291–300.
doi :
10.11646/zootaxa.3872.3.5 .
PMID
25544086 .
^
a
b Genus
Atractus at
The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org.
^ Costa GC (2010).
"Atractus albuquerquei " .
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2010 : e.T176349A7223432.
doi :
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176349A7223432.en .
^
Arredondo, J.C. ; Daza, J.;
Gutierrez, P. (2015).
"Atractus biseriatus " .
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2015 : e.T176350A44948201.
doi :
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T176350A44948201.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021 .
^
a
b
c
d
Beolens, Bo ;
Watkins, Michael ; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
ISBN
978-1-4214-0135-5 . (Atractus bocki , p. 28; A. bocourti , p. 29; A. riveroi , p. 222; A. roulei , p. 227).
^
Aguilar, C. ;
Ines Hladki, A. ;
Lehr, E. ;
Ramírez Pinilla, M. ;
Urbina, N. (2016).
"Atractus bocourti " .
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016 : e.T176351A44878165.
doi :
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176351A44878165.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021 .
^
a
b
Arteaga A ,
Mebert K ,
Valencia JH ,
Cisneros-Heredia DF ,
Peñafiel N ,
Reyes-Puig C ,
Vieira-Fernandes JL ,
Guayasamin JM (2017). "Molecular Phylogeny of Atractus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species and the description of three new taxa". Zookeys 661 : 91-123.
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=11224
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Atractus .
Freiberg M (1982). Snakes of South America . Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp.
ISBN
0-87666-912-7 . (Genus Atractus , pp. 89–92).
Passos P ,
Fernandes R ,
Bérnils RS ,
Moura-Leite JC de (2010). "Taxonomic revision of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Dipdadidae)". Zootaxa 2364 : 1-63.
Wagler [JG] (1828). "Auszüge aus seinem [sic] Systema Amphibiorum ". Isis von Oken 21 : 740-744. (Atractus , new genus, pp. 741–742). (in German and Latin).