American government official (1954–2022)
Ash Carter
Official portrait, 2015
In office February 17, 2015 – January 20, 2017President
Barack Obama
Deputy
Robert O. Work Preceded by
Chuck Hagel Succeeded by
Jim Mattis In office October 6, 2011 – December 4, 2013President Barack Obama Secretary Preceded by
William J. Lynn III Succeeded by
Christine Fox (acting) In office April 27, 2009 – October 5, 2011President Barack Obama Preceded by
John J. Young Jr. Succeeded by
Frank Kendall III In office June 30, 1993 – September 14, 1996President
Bill Clinton Preceded by
Stephen Hadley Succeeded by
Jack Dyer Crouch II (2001)
Born Ashton Baldwin Carter
(1954-09-24 ) September 24, 1954
Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, U.S.Died October 24, 2022(2022-10-24) (aged 68)
Boston , Massachusetts, U.S. Political party
Democratic
[1] Spouses Relations
Cynthia DeFelice (sister) Children 2 Education Signature
Thesis Hard processes in perturbative QCD (1979)Doctoral advisor
Christopher Llewellyn Smith
Ash Carter announces the opening of all military occupations and positions to women Recorded December 3, 2015
Ashton Baldwin Carter (September 24, 1954 – October 24, 2022) was an American government official and academic who served as the 25th
United States secretary of defense from February 2015 to January 2017. He later served as director of the
Belfer Center for Science & International Affairs at
Harvard Kennedy School .
[3]
Carter began his career as a
physicist . After a brief experience as an analyst for the
Congressional
Office of Technology Assessment , he switched careers to public policy. He joined the
Kennedy School of Government at
Harvard University in 1984 and became chair of the International & Global Affairs faculty.
[4] Carter served as
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy during
President Clinton's first term , from 1993 to 1996, responsible for policy regarding the former Soviet states, strategic affairs, and nuclear weapons.
During
President Obama's first term , he served first as
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and then
Deputy Secretary of Defense until December 2013. In February 2015, he replaced
Chuck Hagel as Secretary of Defense and served until the end of the Obama administration.
[5] During his tenure, he
ended the ban of transgender officers in the military . In 2016, Carter opened all military occupations and positions to women without exception. This marked the first time in U.S. history that women with the appropriate qualifications would be allowed to serve in military roles such as infantry, armor, reconnaissance, and special operations units.
[6]
For his service to national security, Carter had on five occasions been awarded the DOD
Distinguished Public Service Medal . He had also received the
CJCS
Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award , and the
Defense Intelligence Medal for his contributions to intelligence. Carter was author or co-author of eleven books and more than 100 articles on physics, technology, national security, and management.
[7]
Early life
Ashton Baldwin Carter was born on September 24, 1954, in
Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. His father is William Stanley Carter Jr., a
World War II veteran,
United States Navy neurologist and psychiatrist, and department chairman at
Abington Memorial Hospital for 30 years. His mother is Anne Baldwin Carter, an English teacher.
[8]
[9]
He has three siblings, including children's book author
Cynthia DeFelice . As a child he was nicknamed Ash and Stoobie.
[10]
[9]
Carter was raised in
Abington, Pennsylvania , on Wheatsheaf Lane.
[11] At age eleven, working at his first job at a Philadelphia car wash, he was fired for "wise-mouthing the owner."
[12]
[13]
Education
Carter was educated at Highland Elementary School (class of 1966) and at
Abington Senior High School (class of 1972) in Abington. In high school, he was a wrestler, lacrosse player, cross-country runner, and president of the Honor Society.
[11]
[14] He was inducted into Abington Senior High School's Hall of Fame in 1989.
[15]
Carter attended the
University of Edinburgh in Scotland in 1975.
[2] In 1976, Carter completed his
Bachelor of Arts in his double-major of
physics and
medieval history at
Yale College ,
summa cum laude ,
Phi Beta Kappa .
[16] His senior thesis, "Quarks, Charm and the Psi Particle", was published in
Yale Scientific in 1975.
[16]
[17] He was also an experimental research associate at
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in 1975 (where he worked on
quark research) and at
Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1976.
[13]
[18]
Carter then became a
Rhodes Scholar and studied at the
University of Oxford . He received his Doctor of Philosophy in
theoretical physics on Hard processes in perturbative QCD in 1979 and was supervised by
Christopher Llewellyn Smith .
[13]
[19] He was a member of
St John's College, Oxford .
[20]
Carter was subsequently a postdoctoral fellow research associate in theoretical physics at
Rockefeller University from 1979 to 1980, studying
time-reversal invariance and
dynamical symmetry breaking .
[18]
[21]
[22] He coauthored two papers on
CP violations in
B meson decays with
A. I. Sanda , which were used as one of theoretical basis to build
B factories .
[23]
[24]
[25]
Carter was then a
research fellow at the
MIT Center for International Studies from 1982 to 1984, during which time he wrote a public report assessing that the Reagan-proposed "
Star Wars " initiative could not protect the U.S. from a Soviet nuclear attack.
[18]
[21]
[22]
Academic career
Carter taught at
Harvard University , as an assistant professor from 1984 to 1986, associate professor from 1986 to 1988, professor and associate director of the
Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University's
John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1988 to 1990, and director of the center from 1990 to 1993.
[18] At the Kennedy School, he became chair of the International and Global Affairs faculty and
Ford Foundation Professor of Science and International Affairs. He concurrently was co-director of the Preventive Defense Project of Harvard and
Stanford Universities.
[18]
Early Department of Defense career
From left, Carter, Defense Secretary
Leon Panetta , and President
Barack Obama in 2012
Carter arrives in
Herat, Afghanistan , in 2013.
From 1993 to 1996, Carter served as
assistant secretary of defense for international security policy during President Bill Clinton's first term.
[26]
[27] He was responsible for strategic affairs, including dealing with the threat of weapons of mass destruction elsewhere in the world, nuclear weapons policy (including overseeing the U.S. nuclear arsenal and missile defenses), the 1994
Nuclear Posture Review , the
Agreed Framework signed in 1994 which froze
North Korea 's
plutonium -producing
nuclear reactor program,
[28] the 1995 extension of the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ,
[29] the negotiation of the 1996
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty , and the multibillion-dollar
Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program and
Project Sapphire that removed all
nuclear weapons from
Ukraine ,
Kazakhstan , and
Belarus .
[27]
[30]
[31] Carter directed military planning during the
1994 crisis over
North Korea 's nuclear weapons program.
[28] In addition, he was responsible for dealing with the establishment of defense and intelligence relationships with former Soviet countries in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and its nuclear arsenal, and was chairman of
NATO 's High Level Group.
[13] He was also responsible for the
Counter proliferation Initiative, control of sensitive U.S. exports, and negotiations that led to the deployment of Russian troops as part of the
Bosnia Peace Plan
Implementation Force .
[31]
From April 2009 to October 2011, Carter was
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics , with responsibility for DOD's procurement reform and innovation agenda and completion of procurements such as the
KC-46 tanker.
[27] He also led the development and production of thousands of mine-resistant ambush protected (
MRAP ) vehicles, and other acquisitions.
[27] He instituted "Better Buying Power," seeking smarter and leaner purchasing.
[27] From October 2011 to December 2013, Carter was
Deputy Secretary of Defense , serving as the DOD's chief operating officer, overseeing the department's annual budget and its three million civilian and military personnel, steering strategy and budget through sequester, and directing the reform of DOD's national security export controls.
[26]
[27]
[32] He was confirmed by Senate
voice vote for both positions.
[33]
In an April 4, 2013, speech, he affirmed that the 'Shift to Asia' initiative of President Obama was a priority that would not be affected by the
budget sequestration in 2013 . Carter noted that The Shift to Asia was principally an economic matter with new security implications. India, Australia, and New Zealand were mentioned as forthcoming security partners.
[34] His Pentagon arms-control responsibilities included matters involving the
START II ,
ABM , CFE, and other arms-control treaties.
[35]
Secretary of Defense
Carter's official portrait
Carter was nominated by President Barack Obama to be the 25th
United States secretary of defense on December 5, 2014.
[36]
[37]
In his nomination hearing before the
Senate Armed Services Committee , he said he was "very much inclined" to increase U.S. military aid to Ukraine.
[38]
Speaking on the Middle East, he said the U.S. must militarily ensure a "lasting defeat" of
Islamic State (ISIL) forces in
Iraq and
Syria .
[39] He also opined that the threats posed by
Iran were as serious as those posed by the ISIL forces.
[38]
[39] He said he was not in favor of increasing the rate of prisoner releases from
Guantanamo Bay .
[40]
Carter was approved unanimously on February 1, 2015, by the Senate Armed Services Committee. He was confirmed by the Senate on February 12 by a vote of 93–5
[37]
[41] and sworn in by Vice President
Joe Biden on February 17.
[42]
Vice President Joe Biden swears in Ash Carter as the 25th defense secretary as Carter's wife, Stephanie, looks on during a private ceremony at the White House.
In May 2015, Carter warned the People's Republic of China to halt its rapid island-building in the
South China Sea .
[43]
In October 2015, Carter condemned Russian air strikes against ISIL and other rebel groups in
Syria . On October 8, 2015, Carter, speaking at a meeting of NATO defense ministers in Brussels, said he believed Russia would soon start paying the price for its
military intervention in Syria in the form of reprisal attacks and casualties.
[44]
A controversy arose in December 2015 when it was revealed that Carter had used a personal email account while conducting official business as Secretary of Defense.
[45]
In January 2016, at Carter's direction, the Department of Defense opened all military roles to women, overriding a request by the
Marine Corps to continue to exempt women from certain positions.
[46] In June 2016, Carter announced that
transgender individuals would be allowed to join and openly serve in the military.
[47]
Other roles
From 1990 to 1993, Carter was chairman of the editorial board of
International Security . Previously, he held positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the
Congressional Office of Technology Assessment , and
Rockefeller University .
[48]
In 1997, Carter and former CIA director
John M. Deutch co-chaired the Catastrophic Terrorism Study Group which urged greater attention to terrorism. In 1998, Carter, Deutch, and
Philip Zelikow (later executive director of the 9/11 Commission) published an article on "catastrophic terrorism" in
Foreign Affairs .
[49] From 1998 to 2000, he was deputy to
William J. Perry at the North Korea Policy Review and traveled with him to
Pyongyang .
[28] In 2001–02, he served on the
National Academy of Sciences Committee on Science and Technology for Countering Terrorism, and advised on the creation of the
Department of Homeland Security .
[50] Carter was also co-director of the Preventive Defense Project, which designs and promotes security policies aimed at preventing the emergence of major new threats to the United States.
[51]
Carter had been a longtime member of the
Defense Science Board and the
Defense Policy Board , the principal advisory bodies to the Secretary of Defense. During the Bush administration, he was also a member of Secretary of State
Condoleezza Rice 's International Security Advisory Board; co-chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Policy Advisory Group; a consultant to the Defense Science Board; a member of the National Missile Defense White Team, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences Committee on International Security and Arms Control. He had testified frequently before the armed services, foreign relations, and homeland security committees of both houses of Congress.
[48]
In addition to his public service, Carter was a senior partner at Global Technology Partners, focused on advising investment firms in technology and defense. He was a consultant to
Goldman Sachs and
Mitretek Systems on international affairs and technology matters, and spoke frequently to business and policy audiences.
[52] Carter served as an independent director on the
General Electric board of directors from 2020 until his death.
[53]
He was also a member of the boards of directors of the
Mitre Corporation and
Mitretek Systems and the advisory boards of
MIT Lincoln Laboratory and
Draper Laboratory . Carter was also a member of the
Aspen Strategy Group , the
Council on Foreign Relations , the
American Physical Society , the
International Institute for Strategic Studies , and the
National Committee on U.S.-China Relations . Carter was elected a fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences . He was named as a Fellow in the
American Physical Society (Forum on Physics & Society) in 2015.
[48]
[52]
Carter served as an honorary director on the board of directors at the
Atlantic Council .
[54] In April 2021, Carter joined
Tanium Board of Directors.
[55] From 2021, he had been a member of the
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).
[56] In 2021, Carter joined Shield Capital's board of Strategic Advisors.
[57]
Positions
Views on Iran
Carter's views on
Iran had been perceived as hawkish.
[58] In 2006, he authored a report for the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace advocating use or threat of force to prevent Iran from obtaining
nuclear weapons .
[58] Carter had supported diplomacy with Iran and written about methods of containing a nuclear-armed Tehran.
[59]
Support for military interventions
Carter meeting with
Mohammed bin Salman and his advisor
Ahmad Asiri in 2016
Carter departing from the Pentagon on his last day in office
Carter was a supporter of the
2003 invasion of Iraq , as well as an advocate of "preventative" invasions of
North Korea and
Iran .
[60]
[61]
[62] In response to increased tension in
Ukraine , Carter considered deployment of
ground-launched cruise missiles in Europe that could pre-emptively destroy Russian weapons.
[63]
Military involvement in presidential elections
In January 2021, Carter, alongside all of the other living former secretaries of defense, published a Washington Post op-ed piece opposing President
Donald Trump 's summons for military involvement in overturning the 2020 election results, and urging for a peaceful transition of power.
[64]
Personal life
Carter was married to Stephanie DeLeeuw Carter.
[2] He had been previously married to
Clayton Spencer , the eighth president of
Bates College , with whom he had two children, Ava and Will.
[65]
Carter died from a
heart attack at his home in Boston, on October 24, 2022, at age 68.
[66]
[67]
Awards
Carter received the
Ten Outstanding Young Americans award from the
United States Junior Chamber in 1987.
[68] For his service to national security, Carter was awarded the DOD's highest civilian medal, the
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service , five times.
[27] For critical liaison efforts with the chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff and the geographic combatant commanders, he was awarded the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award in 2013 and the
Defense Intelligence Medal for his contributions to intelligence.
[27]
Works
In addition to authoring numerous articles, scientific publications, government studies, and Congressional testimonies, Carter co-edited and co-authored 11 books:
References
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^ Carter, Ashton B.;
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"CP Violation in Cascade Decays of B Meson" . Physical Review Letters . 45 (12): 952.
doi :
10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.952 .
^ Carter, Ashton B.;
Sanda, A. I. (April 1, 1981).
"CP violation in B meson decays" . Physical Review D . 23 (7): 1567.
Bibcode :
1981PhRvD..23.1567C .
doi :
10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1567 .
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^ Tom Sauer (2005).
Nuclear Inertia: US Weapons Policy After the Cold War . I.B.Tauris.
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"How to Counter WMD" .
Foreign Affairs . 83 (5): 72–85.
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10.2307/20034068 .
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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"Catastrophic Terrorism: Tackling the New Danger" . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved October 25, 2022 .
^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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If Necessary, Strike and Destroy
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External links
* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012
Office Name Term Office Name Term
White House Chief of Staff
Rahm Emanuel 2009–10
National Security Advisor
James L. Jones 2009–10
Pete Rouse 2010–11
Thomas E. Donilon 2010–13
William M. Daley 2011–12
Susan Rice 2013–17
Jack Lew 2012–13
Deputy National Security Advisor
Thomas E. Donilon 2009–10
Denis McDonough 2013–17
Denis McDonough 2010–13
White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy
Mona Sutphen 2009–11
Antony Blinken 2013–14
Nancy-Ann DeParle 2011–13
Avril Haines 2015–17
Rob Nabors 2013–15 Dep. National Security Advisor, Homeland Security
John O. Brennan 2009–13 White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
Jim Messina 2009–11
Lisa Monaco 2013–17
Alyssa Mastromonaco 2011–14 Dep. National Security Advisor, Iraq and Afghanistan
Douglas Lute † 2009–13
Anita Decker Breckenridge 2014–17 Dep. National Security Advisor, Strategic Comm.
Ben Rhodes 2009–17 White House Deputy Chief of Staff for Planning
Mark B. Childress 2012–14 Dep. National Security Advisor, Chief of Staff
Mark Lippert 2009
Kristie Canegallo 2014–17
Denis McDonough 2009–10
Counselor to the President
Pete Rouse 2011–13
Brooke D. Anderson 2011–12
John Podesta 2014–15
White House Communications Director
Ellen Moran 2009
Senior Advisor to the President
David Axelrod 2009–11
Anita Dunn 2009
David Plouffe 2011–13
Daniel Pfeiffer 2009–13
Daniel Pfeiffer 2013–15
Jennifer Palmieri 2013–15
Shailagh Murray 2015–17
Jen Psaki 2015–17 Senior Advisor to the President
Pete Rouse 2009–10 Deputy White House Communications Director
Jen Psaki 2009–11
Brian Deese 2015–17
Jennifer Palmieri 2011–14 Senior Advisor to the President and
Valerie Jarrett 2009–17 Amy Brundage 2014–16 Assistant to the President for Liz Allen 2016–17 Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs
White House Press Secretary
Robert Gibbs 2009–11 Director,
Public Engagement
Tina Tchen 2009–11
Jay Carney 2011–13 Jon Carson 2011–13
Josh Earnest 2013–17 Paulette L. Aniskoff 2013–17 Deputy Press Secretary
Bill Burton 2009–11 Director,
Intergovernmental Affairs
Cecilia Muñoz 2009–12
Josh Earnest 2011–13 David Agnew 2012–14
Eric Schultz 2014–17
Jerry Abramson 2014–17 Director of Special Projects
Stephanie Cutter 2010–11 Director,
National Economic Council
Lawrence Summers 2009–10 Director, Speechwriting
Jon Favreau 2009–13
Gene Sperling 2011–14
Cody Keenan 2013–17
Jeff Zients 2014–17 Director, Digital Strategy
Macon Phillips 2009–13 Chair,
Council of Economic Advisers
Christina Romer 2009–10 Chief Digital Officer Jason Goldman 2015–17
Austan Goolsbee 2010–13 Director, Legislative Affairs
Phil Schiliro 2009–11
Jason Furman 2013–17
Rob Nabors 2011–13 Chair,
Economic Recovery Advisory Board
Paul Volcker 2009–11
Katie Beirne Fallon 2013–16 Chair,
Council on Jobs and Competitiveness
Jeff Immelt 2011–13 Miguel Rodriguez 2016 Director,
Domestic Policy Council
Melody Barnes 2009–12 Amy Rosenbaum 2016–17
Cecilia Muñoz 2012–17 Director, Political Affairs
Patrick Gaspard 2009–11 Director,
Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
Joshua DuBois 2009–13
David Simas 2011–16
Melissa Rogers 2013–17 Director, Presidential Personnel Nancy Hogan 2009–13 Director,
Office of Health Reform
Nancy-Ann DeParle 2009–11 Johnathan D. McBride 2013–14 Director,
Office of National AIDS Policy
Jeffrey Crowley 2009–11 Valerie E. Green 2014–15 Grant N. Colfax 2011–13 Rodin A. Mehrbani 2016–17 Douglas M. Brooks 2013–17
White House Staff Secretary
Lisa Brown 2009–11 Director,
Office of Urban Affairs
Adolfo Carrión Jr. 2009–10
Rajesh De 2011–12 Racquel S. Russell 2010–14 Douglas Kramer 2012–13 Roy Austin Jr. 2014–17 Joani Walsh 2014–17 Director,
Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy
Carol Browner 2009–11 Director, Management and Administration Bradley J. Kiley 2009–11
White House Counsel
Greg Craig 2009–10 Katy A. Kale 2011–15
Bob Bauer 2010–11
Maju Varghese 2015–17
Kathryn Ruemmler 2011–14 Director, Scheduling and Advance
Alyssa Mastromonaco 2009–11
Neil Eggleston 2014–17 Danielle Crutchfield 2011–14
White House Cabinet Secretary
Chris Lu 2009–13 Chase Cushman 2014–17
Danielle C. Gray 2013–14 Director, White House Information Technology
David Recordon 2015–17
Broderick D. Johnson 2014–17 Director,
Office of Administration Cameron Moody 2009–11 Personal Aide to the President
Reggie Love 2009–11 Beth Jones 2011–15
Brian Mosteller 2011–12 Cathy Solomon 2015–17 Marvin D. Nicholson 2012–17 Director,
Office of Science and Technology Policy
John Holdren 2009–17 Director,
Oval Office Operations
Brian Mosteller 2012–17
Chief Technology Officer
Aneesh Chopra 2009–12
Personal Secretary to the President
Katie Johnson 2009–11
Todd Park 2012–14
Anita Decker Breckenridge 2011–14
Megan Smith 2014–17
Ferial Govashiri 2014–17 Director,
Office of Management and Budget
Peter R. Orszag 2009–10
Chief of Staff to the First Lady
Jackie Norris 2009
Jack Lew 2010–12
Susan Sher 2009–11
Jeff Zients 2012–13
Tina Tchen 2011–17
Sylvia Mathews Burwell 2013–14
White House Social Secretary
Desirée Rogers 2009–10
Brian Deese 2014
Julianna Smoot 2010–11
Shaun Donovan 2014–17
Jeremy Bernard 2011–15
Chief Information Officer
Vivek Kundra 2009–11
Deesha Dyer 2015–17
Steven VanRoekel 2011–14
Chief of Staff to the Vice President
Ron Klain 2009–11 Tony Scott 2015–17
Bruce Reed 2011–13
United States Trade Representative
Ron Kirk 2009–13
Steve Ricchetti 2013–17
Michael Froman 2013–17
White House Chief Usher
Stephen W. Rochon † 2009–11 Director,
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Gil Kerlikowske 2009–14
Angella Reid 2011–17
Michael Botticelli 2014–17 Director,
White House Military Office George Mulligan 2009–13 Chair,
Council on Environmental Quality
Nancy Sutley 2009–14 Emmett Beliveau 2013–15 Michael Boots 2014–15 Dabney Kern 2016–17
Christy Goldfuss 2015–17
Position Appointee Chief of Staff to the Vice President
Steve Ricchetti Counsel to the Vice President
Cynthia Hogan Counselor to the Vice President
Mike Donilon Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison
Evan Ryan Assistant to the Vice President and Director of Communications
Shailagh Murray Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President
Shailagh Murray Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President
Brian P. McKeon Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and Second Lady
Carlos Elizondo National Security Adviser to the Vice President
Colin Kahl
International National Academics Other