The Army of
Helvetia, or (
French: Armée d'Helvétie), was a command of the
French Revolutionary Army. It was formed on 8 March 1798 from the remnants of the first unit to be known as the
Army of the Rhine. It was officially merged into the command structure of the
Army of the Danube on 29 April 1799, although it continued to operate in the Swiss theater until 1801. The Army's initial campaigning in the old Swiss Confederation resulted in severe setbacks and defeats at
Feldkirch, Lusiensteig, and
Zurich.
From October 1797 until 1–2 March 1798, when the French crossed the
Rhine into Germany, the signatories of the
Treaty of Campo Formio had avoided armed conflict. Several diplomatic incidents undermined this agreement: the reluctance of the Austrians to cede the designated territories; the ineptitude of
Second Congress of Rastatt to orchestrate the transfer of additional territories that would compensate the German princes for their losses; the refusal of
Ferdinand of Naples to pay tribute, followed by the Neapolitan rebellion; and the subsequent establishment of the
Parthenopaean Republic.[1] Other factors contributed to the rising tensions as well. On his way to Egypt, Napoleon had stopped on the Island of
Malta and forcibly removed the
Knights of Malta from their possessions, angering Tsar
Paul I of Russia, who was the honorary head of the order. The
French Directory, furthermore, was convinced that the Austrians were conniving to start another war. The weaker the French Republic seemed, the more the Austrians, the Neapolitans, the Russians and the English were discussing this possibility.[2]
On 12 April 1798 121 deputies of the various cantons established the
Helvetic Republic by proclamation as "One and Indivisible". The new regime abolished both
cantonal sovereignty, or the practice of particular local governance, and
feudal rights, and established a centralized state based on the ideas of the
French Revolution. This change in governing structure was backed up by military force, through the presence of French soldiers.
Charles Clerget, Tableaux des Armées Français pendant les Guerres de la Révolution, R. Chapelot Military Bookshop, Paris, 1905.
Digby Smith, Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815, 2000 Greenhill Books, London, United Kingdom.
ISBN1-85367-413-3.
Blanning, Timothy, The French Revolutionary Wars, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
ISBN0-340-56911-5
Gallagher, John, Napoleon's enfant terrible: General Dominique Vandamme, Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008,
ISBN978-0-8061-3875-6
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste, A Memoir of the operations of the army of the Danube under the command of General Jourdan, taken from the manuscripts of that officer, London, Debrett, 1799.
Phipps, Ramsey Weston, The Armies of the First French Republic, volume 5: "The armies of the Rhine in Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Egypt and the coup d'etat of Brumaire, 1797–1799," Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1939.
Thiers, Adolphe, The history of the French revolution, New York, Appleton, 1854, v. 4.
Young, John, D.D., A History of the Commencement, Progress, and Termination of the Late War between Great Britain and France which continued from the first day of February 1793 to the first of October 1801, in two volumes. Edinburg, Turnbull, 1802, vol. 2.