From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of plants
Arisaema tortuosum
Arisaema is a large and diverse
genus of the
flowering plant family
Araceae . The largest concentration of species is in
China and
Japan , with other species
native to other parts of southern
Asia as well as eastern and central
Africa ,
Mexico and eastern
North America .
[1] Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central
spadix rising from a
spathe .
[2]
[3]
[4]
Classification and relationships
The closest relatives of Arisaema appear to be
Pinellia and
Typhonium (although the latter as defined in 2004 seems to be
paraphyletic , having given rise to Arisaema and other genera).
[5] One unusual trait shared by all Arisaema species, and not those of other genera, is the sex change or act of
Sequential hermaphroditism . Arisaema plants are typically male when small, and female or hermaphroditic when large, with a single plant capable of changing sex based on nutrition
[5] and genetics,
[6] and perhaps changing sex several times during its long life (20 years or more).
[5]
Sections
A phylogenetic study in 2016 by Ohi-toma et. al recognized 15 sections in the genus.
[7]
Species
Arisaema abei Seriz - Shikoku Island in Japan
Arisaema aequinoctiale Nakai & F.Maek - Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku Islands in Japan
Arisaema agasthyanum Sivad. & C.S.Kumar - southwestern India
Arisaema album N.E.Br. - Arunachal Pradesh and Assam in eastern India
Arisaema amurense Maxim. - Russian Far East, China, North Korea
Arisaema anomalum Hemsl. - Peninsular Malaysia
Arisaema aprile J.Murata - Izu Peninsula on Honshu Island in Japan
Arisaema aridum H.Li - Yunnan
Arisaema asperatum N.E.Br - China, eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
Arisaema auriculatum Buchet - Sichuan, Hunan, and Yunnan Provinces in China
Arisaema austroyunnanense H.Li - Yunnan, Vietnam
Arisaema averyanovii V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce - Vietnam
Arisaema balansae Engl. - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, southern China
Arisaema bannaense H.Li - Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar, Yunnan
Arisaema barbatum Buchet - Yunnan, Thailand, Java, Bali
Arisaema barnesii C.E.C.Fisch - India, Sri Lanka
Arisaema bockii Engl. - China
Arisaema bonatianum Engl. - Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema bottae Schott - Yemen
Arisaema brucei H.Li, R.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
Arisaema calcareum H.Li - Yunnan
Arisaema candidissimum W.W.Sm. - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema caudatum Engl. - western India
Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu, B.Q.Min & S.J.Zhu - Sichuan
Arisaema chumponense Gagnep. - Thailand
Arisaema ciliatum H.Li - Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema clavatum Buchet - Chongqing, Guizhou, Hubei, Sichuan
Arisaema concinnum Schott - Tibet, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, eastern + northern India
Arisaema condaoense V.D.Nguyen - Condao Island in Vietnam
Arisaema consanguineum Schott - southern China, Himalayas, Indochina
Arisaema constrictum E.Barnes - Sri Lanka
Arisaema cordatum N.E.Br. - Guangxi, Guangdong, Lantao
Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. - Tibet, Nepal
Arisaema cucullatum M.Hotta - Honshu in Japan
Arisaema dahaiense H.Li - Yunnan, Myanmar
Arisaema decipiens Schott - southern China, eastern Himalayas, Vietnam
Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott - Green dragon - Nuevo León + Veracruz in Mexico; much of eastern United States and eastern Canada
Arisaema echinatum (Wall.) Schott - Tibet, Nepal, Yunnan, eastern Himalayas
Arisaema echinoides H.Li - Yunnan
Arisaema ehimense J.Murata & J.Ohno - Shikoku in Japan
Arisaema elephas Buchet - Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema enneaphyllum Hochst. ex A.Rich. - Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Yemen
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott - Nepal
Arisaema exappendiculatum H.Hara - Nepal, Tibet
Arisaema fargesii Buchet - Tibet, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema filiforme (Reinw.) Blume - Borneo, Java, Malaysia, Sumatra
Arisaema fimbriatum Masters - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Pulau Lankawi
Arisaema flavum (Forsk.) Schott - Ethiopia, Somalia, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Assam, Himalayas, Tibet, Yunnan, Sichuan
Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata - Taiwan
Arisaema franchetianum Engl. - Tibet, Myanmar, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema fraternum Schott - Assam
Arisaema galeatum N.E.Br. - Tibet, Bhutan, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Myanmar
Arisaema garrettii Gagnep. - Thailand
Arisaema ghaticum (Sardesai, S.P.Gaikwad & S.R.Yadav) Punekar & Kumaran - Maharashtra
Arisaema grapsospadix Hayata - Fujian, Taiwan
Arisaema griffithii Schott - Nepal, Darjiling, Tibet
Arisaema hainanense C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.L.Tseng - Hainan
Arisaema handelii Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. - Tibet, Myanmar, Yunnan
Arisaema heterocephalum Koidz. - Ryukyu Islands
Arisaema heterophyllum - Korea, Japan, widespread across much of China
Arisaema hunanense Hand.-Mazz. - Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan
Arisaema ilanense J.C.Wang - Taiwan
Arisaema inclusum (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br. ex B.D.Jacks. - Java, Sumatra, Flores
Arisaema intermedium Blume - Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, eastern Himalayas
Arisaema ishizuchiense Murata - Honshu, Shikoku
Arisaema iyoanum Makino - Honshu, Shikoku
Arisaema jacquemontii Blume - Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalayas of northern + eastern India
Arisaema jethompsonii Thiyagaraj & P.Daniel - Tamil Nadu
Arisaema jingdongense H.Peng & H.Li - Yunnan
Arisaema kawashimae Seriz - Ryukyu Islands
Arisaema kerrii Craib - Thailand
Arisaema kishidae Makino ex Nakai - Honshu
Arisaema kiushianum Makino - Honshu, Kyushu
Arisaema kuratae Seriz - Honshu
Arisaema lackneri Engl. - Yunnan, Myanmar
Arisaema laminatum Blume - Borneo, Java, Bali, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Palawan
Arisaema leschenaultii Blume - southern India, Sri Lanka
Arisaema lichiangense W.W.Sm. - Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema lidaense J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Yunnan
Arisaema lihenganum J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Guangxi
Arisaema limbatum Nakai & F.Maek. - Japan
Arisaema linearifolium Gusman & J.T.Yin - Yunnan
Arisaema lingyunense H.Li - Guangxi, Assam, Myanmar
Arisaema lobatum Engl. - China
Arisaema longipedunculatum M.Hotta - Japan
Arisaema longitubum Z.X.Ma. -China
Arisaema macrospathum Benth. - Mexico (from Oaxaca north to Sinaloa + Nuevo León)
Arisaema maekawae J.Murata & S.Kakish. - Honshu
Arisaema mairei H.Lév. - Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema maximowiczii (Engl.) Nakai - Kyushu
Arisaema maxwellii Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
Arisaema melanostomum Z.X. Ma, X. Yun Wang & W.Y. Du - China
[8]
Arisaema meleagris Buchet - Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema menglaense Y.H.Ji, H.Li & Z.F.Xu - Guangxi
Arisaema microspadix Engl. - Java, Timor
Arisaema mildbraedii Engl. - Zaire, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi
Arisaema minamitanii Seriz - Kyushu
Arisaema minus (Seriz.) J.Murata - Honshu
Arisaema monophyllum Nakai - Honshu
Arisaema mooneyanum M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Ethiopia
Arisaema muratae Gusman & J.T.Yin - Yunnan
Arisaema muricaudatum Sivad. - Kerala
Arisaema murrayi (J.Graham) Hook. - Maharashtra
Arisaema nagiense Tom.Kobay., K.Sasam. & J.Murata - Honshu
Arisaema nambae Kitam. - Honshu
Arisaema negishii Makino - Hachijo + Miyake Islands of Japan
Arisaema nepenthoides (Wall.) Mart. - Nepal, Tibet, Yunnan, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar
Arisaema nikoense Nakai - Honshu
Arisaema nilamburense Sivad. - Kerala
Arisaema odoratum J.Murata & S.K.Wu - Yunnan
Arisaema ogatae Koidz. - Kyushu
Arisaema omkoiense Gusman - Thailand
Arisaema ornatum Miq. - Sumatra
Arisaema ovale Nakai - Japan
Arisaema pachystachyum Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
Arisaema pallidum Engl. - Sumatra
Arisaema parisifolia J.Murata - Laos, Vietnam
Arisaema parvum N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. - Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema pattaniense Gagnep. - Thailand
Arisaema penicillatum N.E.Br. - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan
Arisaema petelotii K.Krause - Yunnan, Vietnam
Arisaema petiolulatum Hook.f. - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Myanmar, Yunnan
Arisaema pianmaense H.Li - Yunnan
Arisaema pingbianense H.Li - Yunnan, Vietnam
Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr. - Philippines, Sulawesi
Arisaema prazeri Hook.f. - Yunnan, Thailand, Myanmar
Arisaema propinquum Schott - Himalayas (Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, India)
Arisaema psittacus E.Barnes - Kerala
Arisaema pusillum (Peck) Nash - eastern Canada, eastern United States
Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott - southeastern United States
Arisaema quinquelobatum H.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
Arisaema ramulosum Alderw. - Java, Timor
Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott - Korea, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Jiangsu, Taiwan, Zhejiang
Arisaema rostratum V.D.Nguyen & P.C.Boyce - Vietnam
Arisaema roxburghii Kunth - Assam, Indochina
Arisaema rubrirhizomatum H.Li & J.Murata - Yunnan
Arisaema ruwenzoricum N.E.Br. - Zaire, Uganda, Burundi
Arisaema sachalinense (Miyabe & Kudô) J.Murata - Sakhalin in Russia, Hokkaido in Japan
Arisaema saddlepeakense P.S.N.Rao & S.K.Srivast - Andaman Islands
Arisaema sarracenioides E.Barnes & C.E.C.Fisch. - Kerala
Arisaema saxatile Buchet - Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema sazensoo (Blume) Makino - Kyushu
Arisaema schimperianum Schott - Zaire, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda
Arisaema scortechinii Hook.f - Peninsular Malaysia
Arisaema seppikoense Kitam. - Honshu
Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott - Primorye, Korea, Kuril Islands, Japan, northeastern China
Arisaema setosum A.Sudh.Rao & D.M.Verma - Arunachal Pradesh
Arisaema siamicum Gagnep. - Thailand, Vietnam
Arisaema siangense Gusman - Arunachal Pradesh
Arisaema sikokianum Franch. & Sav. - Shikoku
Arisaema silvestrii Pamp. - China
Arisaema sinii K.Krause - China
Arisaema sizemoreae Hett. & Gusman - Thailand
Arisaema smitinandii S.Y.Hu - Thailand
Arisaema somalense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Somalia
Arisaema souliei Buchet - Sichuan, Chongqing
Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. - Cobra lily - Tibet, Nepal, Assam, Bhutan
Arisaema stewardsonii Britton - eastern Canada, eastern United States
Arisaema sukotaiense Gagnep. - Yunnan, Thailand
Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata - Taiwan
Arisaema tengtsungense H.Li - Yunnan, Myanmar
Arisaema ternatipartitum Makino - Japan
Arisaema thunbergii Blume - Japan, Korea, Taiwan
Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott - Whipcord cobra lily - India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Himalayas, Nepal, Assam, Pakistan, Tibet, Yunnan, Myanmar
Arisaema tosaense Makino - Japan
Arisaema translucens C.E.C.Fisch - Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in India
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher - Jack-in-the-pulpit - eastern Canada, eastern United States
Arisaema tsangpoense J.T.Yin & Gusman - Tibet
Arisaema tuberculatum C.E.C.Fisch. - Nilgiri Mountains in Tamil Nadu in India
Arisaema ulugurense M.G.Gilbert & Mayo - Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania
Arisaema umbrinum Ridl. - Borneo
Arisaema undulatifolium Nakai - Honshu + Shikoku in Japan
Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott - Tibet, Yunnan, Nepal, Bhutan, Himalayas of India + Pakistan
Arisaema vexillatum H.Hara & H.Ohashi - Tibet, Nepal
Arisaema victoriae V.D.Nguyen - Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam
Arisaema wangmoense M.T.An, H.H.Zhang & Q.Lin - Guizhou
Arisaema wardii C.Marquand & Airy Shaw - Qinghai, Shanxi, Yunnan, Tibet
Arisaema wattii J. D. Hook. - Assam, Myanmar, Tibet, Yunnan
Arisaema wilsonii Engl. - Tibet, Bhutan, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema wrayi Hemsl. - Thailand, Sabah, Malaysia
Arisaema xuanweiense H.Li - Yunnan
Arisaema yamatense (Nakai) Nakai - Yamatense cobra lily - Honshu
Arisaema yunnanense Buchet - Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan
Arisaema zhui H.Li - Yunnan
References
^
a
b
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^
Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
^
Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
^
a
b
c Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004),
"A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa" , American Journal of Botany , 91 (6): 881–8,
doi :
10.3732/ajb.91.6.881 ,
PMID
21653444
^ Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany , 90 (12): 1729–35,
doi :
10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729 ,
PMID
21653349
^ Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo; Wu, Sugong; Murata, Hiroko; Murata, Jin (2016-06-30).
"An updated genus-wide phylogenetic analysis of Arisaema (Araceae) with reference to sections" . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 182 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 100–114.
doi :
10.1111/boj.12459 .
ISSN
0024-4074 .
^ Wang, Xiao-Yun; Du, Wen-Yan; Ma, Zheng-Xu (2019-03-12). "A new species and a new combination of the genus Arisaema (Araceae) from China". Phytotaxa . 395 (4): 265–276.
doi :
10.11646/phytotaxa.395.4.2 .
ISSN
1179-3163 .
S2CID
91843915 .
Bibliography
Gusman, Guy; Gusman, Liliane (2006). The genus Arisaema: A monograph for botanists and nature lovers (2nd ed.). Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. pp. 1–474.
ISBN
0881928399 .
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Arisaema .