Completed in 1926,
11 East Forsyth is a
Chicago school and
Art Deco inspired building designed by the architecture firm,
Pringle & Smith . Originally named the Lynch Building, it is located on Forsyth Street, near the intersection of Main Street, in the heart of
Downtown Jacksonville .
The
Southbank business district
The architecture of
Jacksonville is a combination of historic and modern styles reflecting the city's early position as a regional center of business. According to the
National Trust for Historic Preservation , there are more buildings built before 1967 in Jacksonville than any other city in Florida,
[1] though few structures in the city center predate the
Great Fire of 1901 .
[2] Numerous buildings in the city have held state height records, dating as far back as 1902,
[3] and last holding a record in 1981.
[4]
Prominent architects
Contributing heavily during the reconstruction period following the Great Fire of 1901, a young New York architect named
Henry John Klutho would come to influence generations of local designers. Klutho's works exhibit elements influenced by both the
Chicago School , championed by
Louis Sullivan , and the
Prairie School of architecture, popularized by
Frank Lloyd Wright . As a result, Jacksonville has one of the largest collections of Prairie Style buildings outside the Midwest.
[5]
By the 1950s, modernist design principles would permeate throughout the United States, transforming the rapidly growing State of Florida.
[6] During this period, local architects
Robert C. Broward ,
Taylor Hardwick , and
William Morgan adapted a range of design principles, including
International style , Brutalism, Futurism and Organicism, all applied with an American interpretation generally referred to today as
Mid-century modern design.
[7] The architecture firms of
Reynolds, Smith & Hills (RS&H)
[8] and
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (KBJ) have also contributed a number of important works to the city's modern architectural movement. In particular, KBJ has designed more buildings in the contemporary skyline of Jacksonville than any other architectural firm. Of the 30 tallest buildings in the city, 17 are associated with KBJ.
[9] With the notable exception of works by
Robert A.M. Stern Architects ,
Welton Becket ,
Paul Rudolph , and
Helmut Jahn , many of Jacksonville's modern landmarks were designed locally.
Residential architecture
The Milam Residence, designed by
Paul Rudolph (1961)
Few structures survive from the earliest period of Jacksonville's history, though there are a handful of notable exceptions. Built in 1797,
Kingsley Plantation is the oldest surviving structure in the city and is currently maintained by the
National Park Service as part of the
Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve . Located on
Fort George Island , the plantation is a unique two-story house that resembles 17th century British gentry homes. The
Red Bank Plantation House is a
Georgian Revival style structure built in 1854.
Marabanong Mansion is a
Queen Anne style home built in 1876.
Napoleon Bonaparte Broward House , built in 1878, and the
Merrill House , built in 1886, are two examples of
Victorian style homes in Jacksonville.
The
Great Fire of 1901 consumed much of central Jacksonville, leaving thousands homeless, and simultaneously sparked a significant period of growth lasting up until the end of the
Florida Land Boom .
Springfield ,
Riverside ,
Avondale ,
Eastside , Oakland and Fairfield had been platted and annexed into the city prior to the fire, and experienced much of the related growth after the disaster. Architect
Henry John Klutho would become a popular figure in the reconstruction of Jacksonville, contributing his designs to many of the new structures, including dwellings. Built in 1902, The
Thomas V. Porter House is a
Classical Revival and
Colonial Revival style mansion designed by Klutho. He is better known for his works in the
Prairie School style of architecture. His own home,
Henry John Klutho House , is a prime example. The architecture firm of
Marsh & Saxelbye would also establish itself during this period of growth. In 1925, the firm designed the
Tudor Revival style
Lane-Towers House . More famously,
Epping Forest , completed in 1927, is a
Spanish Colonial Revival style mansion designed by Marsh & Saxelbye.
Following World War II, suburbs rapidly developed throughout the United States, due in large part to the rise of personal automobile ownership. Following the opening of the
Mathews Bridge ,
Arlington would become the most important of these developments locally. This period also coincided with the popularization of
Modern design in architecture. Designed by
Robert C. Broward , the Butterfly House was completed in 1957 in the Arlington neighborhood. Its design elements, including the butterfly wing shaped roof, are sometime more broadly categorized today as
Mid-century modern design.
[10] The Jacksonville Beaches also host a number of modern homes built during this period. Famed architect
Paul Rudolph designed the iconic
Milam House in 1961, which is on the
National Register of Historic Places .
William Morgan designed the Williamson House in 1966, and his own home, Morgan House, in 1974. Both are located on the beach.
[11]
Apartments and condominiums
1913 Klutho Apartments ,
Prairie School ,
Henry John Klutho
1923 John Gorrie ,
Renaissance Revival ,
Roy A. Benjamin and
Mellen Clark Greeley (originally the John Gorrie Junior High School)
[12]
1924
310 West Church Street Apartments ,
Georgian Revival /
Beaux-Arts ,
Hentz, Reid & Adler (originally the Ambassador Hotel)
1925
The Carling ,
Renaissance Revival , Thompson, Holmes & Converse
1926
11 East Forsyth ,
Chicago school /
Art Deco ,
Pringle & Smith (originally the Lynch Building)
1949 City Place ,
Moderne
1967 The Commander ,
Mid-century modern
1968 Cathedral Towers ,
Brutalist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1970 Cathedral Townhouse ,
Brutalist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1972 Mount Carmel Garden Apartments ,
Brutalist
1973 Riverside Presbyterian Apartments ,
Brutalist
1974 Cathedral Terrace ,
Brutalist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1974 Hogan Creek Tower ,
Brutalist
2003 Berkman Plaza
2006 The Strands at St. Johns Center
2006 San Marco Place
2008
The Peninsula at St. Johns Center ,
Postmodern ,
2015 220 Riverside , Modernist,
2016 Brooklyn Riverside Apartments , Modernist,
2018 Lofts at LaVilla , Modernist
2018 Lofts at Monroe , Modernist
2018 Broadstone River House , Modernist
Commercial architecture
Places of business
1889
El Modelo Block
1902
Old Florida National Bank ,
Classical Revival , Edward H. Glidden (originally the Mercantile Exchange Bank Building)
1902
Plaza Hotel (Jacksonville) ,
Oxford Ink Tattoo , Dr. Bexley (originally Chief Surgeon General's Quarters in 1832 before it burned down in 1901)
1902
Dyal-Upchurch Building ,
Chicago school ,
Henry John Klutho
1908
Bisbee Building ,
Chicago school /
Prairie school ,
Henry John Klutho
1909
121 Atlantic Place ,
Chicago school /
Classical Revival ,
Mowbray and Uffinger (originally the Atlantic National Bank Building)
1910
Morocco Temple ,
Egyptian Revival /
Prairie school ,
Henry John Klutho
1911
Florida Life Building ,
Chicago school /
Prairie school ,
Henry John Klutho
1912
Masonic Temple ,
Chicago school /
Prairie school , Mark and Sheftall
1925
Groover-Stewart Drug Company Building ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
[14]
1926 Scottish Rite Masonic Center ,
Egyptian Revival /
Art Deco ,
Roy A. Benjamin
1926
Schultz Building ,
Chicago school /
Classical Revival ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
[15]
1926
Barnett National Bank Building ,
Chicago school ,
Mowbray and Uffinger
1926
Elks Club Building ,
Mediterranean Revival ,
Roy A. Benjamin
1927 Levy Building ,
Chicago school /
Renaissance Revival ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
[16]
1927 Hildebrandt Building ,
Chicago school /
Renaissance Revival ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
[17]
1928
Greenleaf & Crosby Building ,
Chicago school /
Renaissance Revival ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
[18]
1929
Title & Trust Company of Florida Building ,
Classical Revival ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
1941 First Federal Savings and Loan Building ,
Art Deco
1941 Furchgott Building ,
Art Deco ,
1951
Jacksonville Transportation Authority Headquarters ,
Art Deco (originally the Atlantic National Bank Annex)
1953 Old Peninsular Life Insurance Building ,
International style ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (occupied by
Fidelity National Financial )
[13]
1955
Eight Forty One ,
International Style ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the
Prudential Building )
[19]
1955
Old Independent Life Building ,
International Style ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1957
Midtown Centre ,
International Style /
Mid-century modern , Ira M. Koger (originally the Koger Center)
1958
Skinner Dairy ,
Mid-century modern ,
Taylor Hardwick
1960
CSX Transportation Building ,
International Style /
Mid-century modern ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Building)
[13]
1963
JEA Tower ,
Mid-century modern ,
Ketchum & Sharp (originally the Universal-Marion Building)
1965
Jessie Ball duPont Center ,
Mid-century modern ,
Taylor Hardwick
1967
Riverplace Tower ,
International Style /
Mid-century modern ,
Welton Becket , in association with
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the Gulf Life Building)
[13]
1967
Times-Union Building ,
International Style /
Mid-century modern ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1971 Blue Cross Blue Shield Building ,
Brutalist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1974
Wells Fargo Center ,
Modernist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the Independent Life Building)
[20]
1974 BB&T Building ,
Modernist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the
Atlantic National Bank Building )
[13]
1982
Chart House ,
Organic /
Modernist ,
Kendrick Bangs Kellogg
1983
EverBank Center ,
Modernist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the
Southern Bell Tower )
[13]
1985
Two Prudential Plaza ,
Modernist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[21]
1985
Stein Mart Building ,
Modernist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[13]
1986
One Enterprise Center ,
Postmodern , Clark Tribble Harris & Li Architects (originally the
Florida National Bank Building )
1986
Baptist Medical Pavilion ,
Brutalist ,
1989
VyStar Tower ,
Postmodern ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (originally the American Heritage Life Building)
[22]
1990
Bank of America Tower ,
Postmodern ,
Helmut Jahn (originally the
Barnett Center )
2003 Raymond James Building ,
Postmodern , Jess Walker of
Morris Adjmi Architects
2008
EverBank Plaza ,
Postmodern
Hotels
Shopping centers
Institutional architecture
Government
Originally a department store, the
St. James Building is the current of
Jacksonville City Hall , and is a prime example of local
Prairie school design.
1886
County Courthouse (destroyed in 1901)
1902
County Courthouse ,
Classical Revival ,
Rutledge Holmes (demolished)
1909 Godbold Building ,
Chicago school /
Prairie school ,
Henry John Klutho (Originally the YMCA Building)
1912
St. James Building ,
Chicago school /
Prairie school ,
Henry John Klutho
1913 The Criminal Court Building ,
Prairie school ,
Henry John Klutho (demolished in 1968)
1924
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Jacksonville Branch ,
Georgian Revival ,
Henrietta Cuttino Dozier and
A. Ten Eyck Brown
[24]
1933 Ed Austin Building ,
PWA Moderne /
Stripped Classicism ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
[25] (originally the United States Federal Courthouse)
1952
Fire and Rescue Headquarters Building ,
Art Deco /
Modernist , (originally the
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Jacksonville Branch )
1958
Old Duval County Courthouse ,
International Style ,
Reynolds, Smith & Hills
1960
City Hall Annex ,
Mid-century modern ,
Reynolds, Smith & Hills (Former City Hall)
1961
Edward Ball Building ,
International Style (originally the
Florida National Bank Building)
1966 Charles E. Bennett Federal Building ,
Brutalist /
Mid-century modern ,
Reynolds, Smith & Hills
1977
Jacksonville Sheriff's Office Headquarters ,
Brutalist /
Modernist ,
William Morgan
2002
Bryan Simpson United States Courthouse ,
Postmodern ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[26]
2012
Duval County Courthouse ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[27]
Yates Building
Ed Austin Building
The Ed Ball Building
United States Courthouse
Education
1905
Carnegie Library ,
Classical Revival ,
Henry John Klutho
1916
Centennial Hall ,
Georgian Revival ,
Howells & Stokes
1925
Bolles School ,
Mediterranean Revival ,
Marsh & Saxelbye
1974
J. Henry Gooding Building on the
Jacksonville University campus,
Brutalist ,
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson
[28]
2005
Main Library Building ,
Postmodern ,
Robert A. M. Stern
2009
University of North Florida Student Union ,
Green /
Modernist ,
Rink Design
Museums
Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens (1961), designed by Saxelby & Powell
Jacksonville is home to a variety of museums of varied styles. Completed in 1921, the
Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum is a
Classical Revival building originally constructed for the Church of Christian Scientist. It was designed by the local architecture firm
Marsh & Saxelbye . Also designed by Marsh & Saxelbye, the
Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville was originally built in 1931 for the Western Union Telegraph Company, and stands as one of Jacksonville's best examples of
Art Deco in architecture.
[29] Another example of Art Deco is the
Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens . Completed in 1961, the fine arts museum was designed by Saxelby & Powell. Constructed in 1965, the Jacksonville Art Museum was predecessor of what is now the Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville. Designed by
Taylor Hardwick , the building is located in the
Midtown Centre office complex. Originally built in 1969 as the Jacksonville Children's Museum,
William Morgan 's
Brutalist designed museum currently houses the
Museum of Science and History .
Houses of worship
1883
St. George Episcopal Church ,
Carpenter Gothic ,
Robert Sands Schuyler
1887
St. Andrew's Episcopal Church ,
Gothic Revival ,
Robert Sands Schuyler
1903
Snyder Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church ,
Late Gothic Revival ,
J. H. W. Hawkins
1904
Bethel Church ,
Greek Revival /
Romanesque Revival , M. H. Hubbard
1905
Mount Zion AME Church ,
Romanesque Revival , Francis J. Norton and J. B. Carr & Co.
1906
St. John's Cathedral ,
Gothic Revival , Snelling and Potter
1910
Basilica of the Immaculate Conception ,
Late Gothic Revival , M. H. Hubbard
1917
Our Lady of the Angels Catholic Church ,
Late Gothic Revival
1927
Riverside Baptist Church ,
Romanesque Revival ,
Addison Mizner
1967
St. Paul's by-the-Sea Episcopal Church ,
Mid-century modern ,
Blake Ellis
Cultural architecture
Entertainment venues
Interior of the
Mediterranean Revival style
Florida Theatre , designed by
Roy A. Benjamin , and opening in the 1927
The city host a number of music and performance venues, most notably the
Florida Theatre . Designed by local architect
Roy A. Benjamin , the
Mediterranean Revival style theater opened in 1927. Benjamin designed a number of other local venues, including the
Renaissance Revival style
Riverside Theatre in 1927 and the
Art Deco style San Marco Theatre in 1939. Designed by Jefferson Davis Powell in 1929, the
Ritz Theatre is another local example of Art Deco architecture in Jacksonville entertainment venues. The
Mid-century modern
Jacksonville Coliseum was built in 1960 and designed by A. Eugene Cellar and George Ryad Fisher. Demolished in 2003, the building exhibited what is now coined as
Googie architecture . Built in the
International Style in 1962, the
Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts is one of many examples of buildings designed locally by the firm of
Kemp, Bunch & Jackson . The newest addition to the local entertainment venue stock is the
Populous designed
Daily's Place . Completed in 2017, the venue is attached to the southern edge of
Everbank Field .
Sports venues
Jacksonville is home to several major sports venues, most notably
EverBank Field , home stadium facility of the
Jacksonville Jaguars of the
National Football League (NFL). Completed in 1995, it was designed by the architecture firm
HOK Sport . Opening in 2003, the
Postmodern styled
Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville and
Veterans Memorial Arena were both designed by the architecture firm
Populous .
Transportation architecture
Parks and historic sites
Tallest buildings
The 10 tallest standard structures:
Chronology of the tallest buildings in Jacksonville:
Accolades
"Florida Architecture: 100 places, 100 years", compiled by the Florida chapter of the
American Institute of Architects .
[30]
Styles and schools
Jacksonville architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools. Below is a list of those styles and schools.
See also
References
^
"The rich history of Jacksonville - the one you probably didn't know about" . J Magazine . Florida Times-Union. December 17, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018 .
^
"Distinguish Jacksonville: The Great Fire of 1901" . Metro Jacksonville. January 6, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2016 .
^ Ennis Davis (March 6, 2008).
"A Century of Florida's Tallest Skyscrapers" . Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved April 12, 2016 .
^
"Wells Fargo Center, Jacksonville" . Emporis. Archived from
the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016 .
^ Wayne W. Wood.
"Jacksonville's Lost Treasures" . Prairie School Traveler. Retrieved April 23, 2016 .
^ Lesa Lorusso.
"Identifying American Architectural Styles: Midcentury Modern" . Florida Preservationist . Florida Historical Society. Archived from
the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016 .
^
"When Does Modern Architecture Become Historic?" . Jacksonville Historical Society. Retrieved April 23, 2016 .
^ Ennis Davis (April 12, 2012).
"The Premature Destruction of Downtown Jacksonville" . Urban Issues . Metro Jacksonville. Retrieved April 24, 2016 .
^ Jessie-Lynne Kerr (January 24, 2008).
"Architect transformed city waterfront" . The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved April 24, 2016 .
^ Reynolds, Tiffanie.
"Broward's 'Butterfly House' restored to former glory" . Jacksonville.com . Florida Times-Union. Retrieved 7 February 2018 .
^
"University of Florida honors architect William Morgan with a Lifetime Achievement Award" . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2018-02-11 .
^
"Historic Properties in Jacksonville: John Gorrie Junior High: A school, a home" . jaxhistory.org . Jacksonville Historical Society. Retrieved 2 March 2018 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
"Shaping Downtown Jacksonville's Skyline" . kbj.com . KBJ Architects. Retrieved 9 February 2018 .
^
"Groover-Stewart Drug Company Building" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Schultz Building" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Levy Building" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Hildebrandt Building" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Greenleaf and Crosby Building" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Prudential Insurance Company of America – South Central Home Office Retrofit Project" . KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018 .
^
"Modis" . KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018 .
^
"Prudential Insurance Company of America – South Central Home Office Operations Center" . KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018 .
^
"American Heritage Life Insurance Co. – Corporate Headquarters" . KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018 .
^
Metro Jacksonville
^
"Henrietta Dozier (1872-1947)" . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 11 February 2018 .
^
"Former Post Office and Federal Courthouse" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"United States Courthouse" . KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018 .
^
"Duval County Courthouse" . KBJ Architects. Retrieved February 6, 2018 .
^
"J. Henry Gooding Building" . Historic Campus Architecture Project . Council of Independent Colleges. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Western Union Telegraph Building (MOCA)" . digitalcommons.unf.edu . University of North Florida. Retrieved February 11, 2018 .
^
"Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places" . American Institute of Architects Florida. Retrieved May 7, 2013 .
Further reading
Wood, Wayne W., Davis, Judy (1989). Jacksonville's Architectural Heritage: Landmarks for the Future . University Press of Florida.
ISBN
0-8130-0953-7
Broward, Robert (1984). The Architecture of Henry John Klutho . University Press of Florida.
ISBN
0-8130-0731-3
Hochstim, Jan (2005). Florida Modern: Residential Architecture 1945-1970 . Rizzoli.
ISBN
0-8478-2603-1
King, Joseph (2005). Paul Rudolph: The Florida Houses . Princeton Architectural Press.
ISBN
1-5689-8551-7
McCarter, Robert (2002). William Morgan, Selected and Current Works . Images Publishing Group.
ISBN
1-8769-0702-9
Taylor Hardwick (2014). Taylor Hardwick: 60 Years of Design . Taylor Hardwick.
ISBN
0-6159-7671-9
External links