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Architects of the National Park Service are the architects and landscape architects who were employed by the National Park Service (NPS) starting in 1918 to design buildings, structures, roads, trails and other features in the United States National Parks. Many of their works are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and a number have also been designated as National Historic Landmarks.

The National Park Service was established in 1916, and Charles Punchard, Jr. became its first landscape architect in July 1918. Punchard died in 1920 and was replaced by his assistant, Daniel Ray Hull. In 1922, Hull hired Thomas Chalmers Vint as a draftsman. Vint became the head of the Landscape Architectural Division after Hull retired in 1927. Vint remained with the NPS until he retired in 1961 and is credited with directing and shaping landscape planning and development at the NPS. Vint also significantly expanded the design group's staffing in the late 1920s and 1930s, starting in 1928 with Merel S. Sager. The NPS Branch of Plans and Designs was organized in 1933. Vint was appointed as the first chief architect, with Charles E. Peterson in charge of the Eastern Division and William G. Carnes in charge of the Western Division. Carnes replaced Vint as the Chief Landscape Architect, and in 1956, Sager succeeded Carnes in that position. [1]

Other significant architects and landscape architects who were employed by NPS include Herbert Maier, John Wosky, Harold G. Fowler, Cecil J. Doty, Lyle E. Bennett, A. Paul Brown, Mark Daniels, Ernest A. Davidson, Herbert Kreinkemp, Harry Langley, and Ken Saunders. [1] [2] [3]

Much of the work of the NPS architects is in a "rustic" style that has become known as " National Park Service rustic" architecture. [2]

One of the distinctive features of architecture of the National Park Service is the blending of traditional architecture and landscape architecture. Vint and others experimented with use of stone and logs to construct buildings in a natural way, following example of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Vint also provided the first master plan for many Park Service units in his 1931 plan for Mount Rainier National Park. It established the principle of designating specific areas as wilderness. [4]

Several private architects, though not the subject of this article, also made important contributions to the development of the NPS rustic architectural style. Gilbert Stanley Underwood designed several important rustic works in the National Parks, including Old Faithful Lodge (1923), Bryce Canyon Lodge (1925), Ahwahnee Hotel (1926), Zion Lodge (1927), and Grand Canyon Lodge (1928). Mary Colter also contributed a number of important early works, including the Mary Jane Colter buildings at Grand Canyon National Park.

Works

Works attributed to the architects of the National Park Service or to its architect subgroups, include the following (with attribution variations). Some works are specifically noted to be done by the "NPS Landscape Architecture Division" or the "NPS Landscape Engineering Division"; some are noted to be works of the "NPS Office of Design & Construction" or the "NPS Branch of Plans and Design". [5]

Alaska

Upper Toklat River Cabin No. 24, built in 1931 to a standard design of the NPS Branch of Plans and Designs
Lower Toklat River Ranger Cabin No. 18, in a National Park Service style originated at Yellowstone

Denali National Park and Preserve

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Denali National Park and Preserve

Arizona

Grand Canyon National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Canyon National Park

Other

California

Yosemite National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park
Crane Flat Fire Lookout, Yosemite, built in 1931, a two-story structure with a lower storage level and an upper observation level, with an overhanging roof, designed by the National Park Service's Landscape Division to blend with surroundings.
Specifically designed as a National Park Service lookout intended to blend with its surroundings, in contrast to the metal towers used by the U.S. Forest Service. This lookout was highlighted by Thomas Chalmers Vint as a prototype for general use. [17]

Sequoia National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National Parks
Ash Mountain Entrance Sign
Pear Lake Ski Hut
Redwood Meadow Ranger Station

Lassen Volcanic National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Lassen Volcanic National Park

Colorado

Rocky Mountain National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park
Fern Lake Patrol Cabin
Moraine Park Amphitheater
Shadow Mountain Lookout
Agnes Vaille Shelter
Willow Park Patrol Cabin
  • Bear Lake Comfort Station (1940), Rocky Mountain National Park, Bear Lake, Estes Park, Colorado (designed by W. C. Hill, working under Howard W. Baker, Regional Landscape Architect, NPS Branch of Plans and Design), NRHP-listed [37]
  • East Inlet Trail, west side of Rocky Mountain National Park, 6.9 miles from Grand Lake to Lake Verna (trail existed in 1914; first NPS construction by 1924; rebuilt in 1931 under leadership of L.S. Moore; listed in part due to its reflecting NPS Naturalistic Design), NRHP-listed [38]
  • Fall River Pass Ranger Station, Rocky Mountain National Park, Fall River Pass (designed by Daniel Ray Hull, landscape engineer for NPS), NRHP-listed. [39]
  • Fall River Pump House and Catchment Basin, near the top of Fall River Rd., Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado (L. Fletcher and W. G. Hill, landscape architects with the National Park Service), NRHP-listed [40]
  • Fall River Entrance Historic District, Rocky Mountain National Park, Fall River Entrance, Estes Park, Colorado (three buildings designed by Edward A. Nickel, Associate Structural Engineer, NPS Branch of Plans and Design, Western Division), NRHP-listed [41]
  • Fern Lake Patrol Cabin (1925), Rocky Mountain National Park, Fern Lake, Estes Park, Colorado (designed by members of the NPS Landscape Engineering Division in Los Angeles under supervision of Daniel Ray Hull), NRHP-listed [42]
  • Fern Lake Trail, Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado, (trail reworked by NPS landscape architects in 1933; rebuilt by CCC workers), NRHP-listed [43]
  • Flattop Mountain Trail, Rocky Mountain Park, Estes Park, Colorado, (National Park Service and Civilian Conservation Corps), NRHP-listed [44]
  • Glacier Basin Campground Ranger Station (1930), Rocky Mountain National Park, Glacier Basin, Estes Park, Colorado, (NPS Branch of Plans and Designs), NRHP-listed [45]
  • Lake Haiyaha Trail (1930-1935), also known as Nymph Lake Trail and Dream Lake Trail, Rocky Mountain National Park, 2.1 miles roughly along Bear, Nymph & Dream Lakes, then up Chaos Canyon, Estes Park, Colorado, (Allison van V. Dunn, landscape architect, National Park Service), NRHP-listed [46]
  • Lost Lake Trail, also known as Sawmill Trail, Rocky Mountain National Park, 4.5 miles roughly along North Fork of the Big Thompson River, Estes Park, Colorado (rebuilt in 1934 under direction of Allison van V. Dunn, landscape architect with National Park Service), NRHP-listed [47]
  • Milner Pass Road Camp Mess Hall and House (1926), Rocky Mountain National Park, Milner Pass Road, Estes Park, Colorado (designed by personnel of NPS Landscape Engineering Division, Los Angeles, under supervision of Daniel Ray Hull; "one of the earliest structures in the park to demonstrate the 'NPS Rustic' style of architecture"), NRHP-listed [48]
  • Moraine Park Museum and Amphitheater (1934), Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado (National Park Service Branch of Plans and Design), NRHP-listed [49]
  • North Inlet Trail (1926-1931), 11.5 miles roughly along North Inlet & Hallett Creek to Flattop Mountain, Grand Lake, Colorado (trail rebuilt 1926-1931; Allison van V. Dunn, an NPS landscape architect, arrived in 1929 and oversaw the final years of rebuilding), NRHP-listed [50]
  • Shadow Mountain Lookout (1932), southeast of Grand Lake in Rocky Mountain National Park, Grand Lake, Colorado (original plans by NPS Landscape Architecture Division were rejected; new plans completed by NPS Chief Forester, John Coffman), NRHP-listed [51]
  • Shadow Mountain Trail, 4.8 miles long on east side of Shadow Mountaine Lake, Grand Lake, Colorado (trail rebuilt in 1930 by National Park Service; trail design reflects NPS Naturalistic Design of the 1920s to 1940s), NRHP-listed [52]
  • Thunder Lake Patrol Cabin (1930), Rocky Mountain National Park (Howard R. Baker and Thomas Chalmers Vint of the NPS Design Staff), NRHP-listed [53]
  • Thunder Lake Trail-Bluebird Lake Trail, roughly along North Saint Vrain Creek, west of Wild Basin Ranger Station, Allens Park, Colorado (National Park Service and Civilian Conservation Corps), NRHP-listed [54]
Upper Thunder Lake Trail reconstructed in 1929-1930 upon arrival of the park's first NPS-trained landscape architect; portions of Bluebird Lake Trail rebuilt in late 1930s with CCC labor. [54]
  • Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations Nos. 245, 246, and 247 (1935), Rocky Mountain National Park (Howard W. Baker of NPS Branch of Plans and Designs), NRHP-listed [55]
  • Timber Creek Road Camp Barn (1930), Rocky Mountain National Park, approximately 200 yards south of Columbine Lake Rd., 450 yards west of Kawuneeche Visitor Center, Estes Park, Colorado (designed by personnel at NPS Office of Design & Construction, San Francisco, under supervision of Thomas Chalmers Vint), NRHP-listed [56]
  • Timberline Cabin (1925), Rocky Mountain National Park, Fall River Rd., vicinity of Estes Park, Colorado (plans prepared by members of the NPS Landscape Engineering Division under supervision of T. C. Vint), NRHP-listed [57]
  • Utility Area Historic District, Rocky Mountain National Park, Beaver Meadows Entrance Rd., Estes Park, Colorado (approximately 30 contributing structures; plans by NPS Landscape Engineering Division), NRHP-listed [41] [58]

Nowhere in Rocky Mountain National Park is the theme of NPS Rustic Architecture exemplified better than in the Utility Area Historic District. [41]

  • Agnes Vaille Shelter (1927), near the summit of Long's Peak, less than 100 yards south of Keyhole at over 13,400 feet elevation, along East Longs Peak Trail, Rocky Mountain National Park (National Park Service design staff; NPS rustic architecture), NRHP-listed [59]
  • Wild Basin House (1931), Rocky Mountain National Park, Wild Basin, Estes Park, Colorado (plans approved by T. C. Vint, drawn by the NPS Branch of Plans and Design), NRHP-listed [60]
  • Wild Basin Ranger Station and House (1932), Rocky Mountain National Park, Wild Basin, Estes Park, Colorado (plans drawn by NPS Branch of Plans and Design), NRHP-listed [61]
  • Willow Park Patrol Cabin (1923), Rocky Mountain National Park, Fall River Rd., Estes Park, Colorado (designed by members of the NPS Landscape Engineering Division under the supervision of Daniel Ray Hull), NRHP-listed [62]
  • Willow Park Stable (1926), Rocky Mountain National Park, Fall River Pass, Estes Park, Colorado (designed by members of the NPS Landscape Engineering Division under the supervision of Daniel Ray Hull), NRHP-listed [63]

Colorado National Monument

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado National Monument
Rim Rock Drive

Other

Mesa Verde Superintendent's Office

Florida

Fort Matanzas National Monument visitors center
A work of National Park Service Rustic architecture

Minnesota

Surviving CCC camp building chimney, at St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area
The National Park Service provided technical, overall expertise on the design of traffic circulation in the park, and in buildings' designs; work was done by CCC and WPA. [79]

Missouri

Arrow Rock State Historic Site

Lake of the Ozarks State Park

Knob Noster State Park

Meramec State Park

Montauk State Park

Roaring River State Park

Van Meter State Park

Other

Montana and Wyoming

Devils Tower National Monument

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Devils Tower National Monument

Glacier National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Glacier National Park

Grand Teton National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand Teton National Park

Yellowstone National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Yellowstone National Park
Obsidian Cliff Kiosk
First "wayside exhibit built in the National Park System", an "open-air museum-in-miniature", and a small shelter for interpretative information, in National Park Service Rustic style. [84]

Nevada

New Mexico

Carlsbad Caverns National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Carlsbad Caverns National Park

Oklahoma

  • Nichols Park (1938-1941), located on the Indian Nation Turnpike (toll road) approximately two mile south of downtown Henryetta in Okmulgee County, Oklahoma (design by Charles Krueger of the National Park Service; built by Civilian Conservation Corps), NRHP-listed [89]
The registered properties are listed in part due to their NPS rustic architecture and include a beach house, two picnic shelter, and comfort station. [89]
  • Perry Lake Park (1934-1935), also known as CCC Park, 1520 South 4th Street, Perry, Oklahoma (National Park Service; built by Civilian Conservation Corps), NRHP-listed [90]
The registered properties include a boat house and are listed in part as "an excellent example of the architecture and landscape design philosophy of the National Park Service." [90]

Oregon

Crater Lake National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Crater Lake National Park
Crater Lake Superintendent's Residence
Watchman Lookout Station No. 68

[91] [92]

Other

Listed properties include bathhouse (1938, designed by J. Elwood Isted), kitchen shelters (adapted by Glen O. Stevenson from a Plan by J. Elwood Isted for Washington State Parks), pumphouse (1937, designed by J. Elwood Isted), caretaker's house (1936, designed by Jack Peterson), caretaker's garage (1937, designed by J. Elwood Isted) [93]

South Dakota

Utah

Bryce Canyon National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Bryce Canyon National Park

Zion National Park

Main article: Historical buildings and structures of Zion National Park
East Entrance Sign
Grotto Trail
East Entrance Residence
Museum-Grotto Residence

Washington

Mount Rainier National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Mount Rainier National Park
Shelter at Camp Muir
Longmire Headquarters
Yakima Park Stockade Group

Olympic National Park

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Olympic National Park

See also

References

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  3. ^ "Architecture in the Parks". National Park Service.
  4. ^ Carr 1998, p. 240
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  8. ^ "Upper Toklat Ranger Station". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-11-24.
  9. ^ Holland, F. Ross (August 31, 1972). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Superintendent's Residence". National Park Service.
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  18. ^ Leslie Starr Hart; Merrill Ann Wilson (August 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Glacier Point Trailside Museum". National Park Service.
  19. ^ Leslie Starr Hart (1978). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Mariposa Grove Museum" (PDF). National Park Service.
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  27. ^ William Tweed (March 28, 1977). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Generals' Highway Stone Bridges". National Park Service.
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  40. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Fall river Pump House and Catchment Basin". National Park Service.
  41. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Multiple Resource Nomination for Rocky Mountain National Park". National Park Service.
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  45. ^ "Glacier Basin Campground Ranger Station". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2009-01-08.
  46. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Lake Haiyaha Trail" (PDF). National Park Service.
  47. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Lost Lake Trail". National Park Service.
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  52. ^ "National Register of Historic Places registration form: Shadow Mountain Trail". National Park Service.
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  54. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Thunder Lake Trail/Bluebird Lake Trail". National Park Service.
  55. ^ "Timber Creek Comfort Station". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2009-01-12.
  56. ^ "Classified Structure Field Inventory Report: Timber Creek Road Camp". National Park Service.
  57. ^ "Classified Structure Field Inventory Report: HS-28 Timberline Cabin". National Park Service.
  58. ^ Rodd L. Wheaton (August 22, 1975). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District. National Park Service.
  59. ^ Mehls, Steven F. (August 4, 1991). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Agnes Vaille Shelter". National Park Service. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
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  61. ^ "Classified Structure Field Inventory Report: Ranger Station and Residence, Wild Basin". National Park Service.
  62. ^ "Classified Structure Field Inventory Report: Willow Park Patrol Cabin". National Park Service.
  63. ^ "Classified Structure Field Inventory Report: Willow Park Stable". National Park Service.
  64. ^ "Visitor Center, List of Classified Structures". National Park Service. 2008-12-13.
  65. ^ "Devil's Kitchen Picnic Shelter". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-12-13.
  66. ^ Kathy McKoy (December 28, 1992). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Devils Kitchen Picnic Shelter. National Park Service.
  67. ^ R. Laurie Simmons; Thomas H. Simmons; Kathy McKoy (January 1994). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Rim Rock Drive". National Park Service.
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  69. ^ Kathy McKoy (December 28, 1992). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Saddlehorn Caretaker's House and Garage. National Park Service.
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  72. ^ "Saddlehorn Comfort Station". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-12-11.
  73. ^ Kathy McKoy (December 28, 1992). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Saddlehorn Utility Area Historic District. National Park Service.
  74. ^ "Saddlehorn Utility Area Building & Utilities Shop". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-12-11.
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  77. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: North Rim Road, Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park". National Park Service.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h i "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form: Minnesota State Park CCC/WPA/Rustic Style Historic Resources". National Park Service. September 5, 1989.
  79. ^ Rolf Anderson; Susan Begley; Ethan Carr (January 6, 1997). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area". National Park Service.
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  82. ^ Kathy McKoy (April 20, 2000). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Old Headquarters Area Historic District (pdf). National Park Service.
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  85. ^ Rydell, Kiki Leigh; Culpin, Mary Shivers (2006). "Managing the Matchess Wonders:A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park, 1872-1965" (PDF). National Park Service, Yellowstone Center for Resources. p. 101. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
  86. ^ Dena M. Sedar (Sep–Oct 2012). "Nevada's Lost City". Archived from the original on 2012-10-24.
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  88. ^ Swanson, Betsy (October 1986). "National Register of Historic Place Inventory - Nomination Form: Rattlesnake Springs Historic District". National Park Service. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
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  90. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Perry Lake Park". National Park Service.
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  96. ^ Sontag, Robert (July 27, 1995). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Cable Creek Bridge. National Park Service.
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  100. ^ Nancy Witherell (October 10, 1984). Classified Structure Inventory: East Entrance Residence. National Park Service.
  101. ^ Robert Sontag; Kathy McKoy (August 15, 1995). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Floor of the Valley Road. National Park Service.
  102. ^ Witherell, Nancy (October 10, 1984). Classified Structure Inventory: Grotto Picnic Area Comfort Station (No. 129). National Park Service.
  103. ^ Witherell, Nancy (October 10, 1984). Classified Structure Inventory: Grotto Picnic Area Comfort Station (No. 130). National Park Service.
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  111. ^ "Christine Falls Bridge" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service.
  112. ^ Harvey, David (September 30, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Gobbler's Knob Fire Lookout. National Park Service.
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  114. ^ Harvey, David (September 30, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Indian Bar Trail Shelter. National Park Service.
  115. ^ Harvey, David (September 30, 1982). "Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Ipsut Creek Patrol Cabin" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  116. ^ Harrison, Laura Soulliere (1986). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: Longmire Administration Building, Community Building and Service Station" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21.
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  118. ^ GGF (September 30, 1982). "Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Mount Fremont Fire Lookout" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15.
  119. ^ GGF (July 23, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Narada Falls Comfort Station. National Park Service.
  120. ^ Harvey, David (September 7, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Summerland Trail Shelter. National Park Service.
  121. ^ Fitzsimmons, Gregory G. Sunrise Comfort Station. Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory. National Park Service.
  122. ^ Harvey, David (September 30, 1982). "Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Shriner Peak Fire Lookout" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
  123. ^ Harvey, David (September 4, 1982). "Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Tahoma Vista Comfort Station" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  124. ^ Harvey, David (September 28, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Three Lakes Patrol Cabin. National Park Service.
  125. ^ Harvey, David. "Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Tipsoo Lake Comfort Station" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  126. ^ Harvey, David (September 30, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: Tolmie Peak Fire Lookout. National Park Service.
  127. ^ Harvey, David (September 12, 1982). Pacific Northwest Regional Office Inventory: White River Mess Hall and Dormitory. National Park Service.
  128. ^ Toothman, Stephanie (September 1983). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: White River Entrance" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  129. ^ ""Architecture in the Parks: A National Historic Landmark Theme Study: Yakima Park Stockade Group", by Laura Soullière Harrison". National Historic Landmark Theme Study. National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
  130. ^ Evans, Gail E.H. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Canyon Creek Shelter". National Park Service.
  131. ^ Evans, Gail E.H. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Graves Creek Ranger Station" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  132. ^ Evans, Gail E.H. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Olympic National Park Headquarters District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
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