| Apalɨ | |
|---|---|
| Emerum | |
| Munga | |
| Native to | Papua New Guinea |
| Region | Madang Province |
Native speakers | 980 (2003) [1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
ena |
| Glottolog |
apal1256 |
Apalɨ (Apal), or Emerum, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Akɨ and Acɨ are two dialects that are quite different from each other. [2]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Evolution
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012). [2]
- Sources abbreviations
| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Apalɨ |
|---|---|
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | maŋgɨ ‘egg’ |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | mapɨn |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka |
| *mVkVm ‘jaw’ | mukum |
| *(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | (Osum and Paynamar mira, Moresada merak) |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kɨm- |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | (sa)kum ‘nape’ |
| *iman ‘louse’ | iman |
| *na- ‘eat’ | n |
| pMadang *na ‘2SG free pronoun’ | nama (cf. also na- ‘2SG POSS’) |
| pMadang *nu ‘3SG free pronoun’ | numbu (cf. also nu- ‘3SG POSS’) |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | iŋg- (some other S Adelbert languages have niŋg-) |
| *kambena ‘arm’ | human |
| *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’ | (?) hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ |
| *[w]ani ‘who?’ | ani |
| *(s,nd)umu(n,t)[V] ‘hair’ | (?) mɨnɨ |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | maßɨn |
| *iman ‘louse’ | iman |
| *takVn[V] ‘moon’ | (Acɨ dial.) takun (Z), (Akɨ dial.) lakun (W) |
| *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’ | kasɨŋ (Z) |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | tɨpi (metath.) (Z) |
| *imbi ‘name’ | imbi (W) |
| *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tɨmbɨ (W) |
| *si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ |
| *simbil[VC] ‘navel’ | (Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm ‘placenta, navel, umbilical cord’ (W) |
| *si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’ | susum ‘lower buttocks’ |
| *kambena ‘arm, forearm’ | human (W) |
| *mapVn ‘liver’ | maβɨn (W) |
| *apa ‘father’ | iaβaŋ (W) |
| *apus[i]‘grandparent’ | aβe ‘grandmother’ |
| *apa(pa)ta ‘butterfly’ | (?) afafaŋ (Z) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | hinji (W) |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨnjɨlɨ (W) |
| *[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tɨmbɨ (W, Z) |
| *takVn[V] ‘moon’ | (Acɨ dial.) takun (Z) |
| *takVn[V] ‘moon’ | lakun (W) |
| *kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ | lɨmbɨ(lami) ‘to thunder’ |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | tɨpi (metath.) (Z) |
| *kit(i,u) ‘leg’ | gɨtɨ (Z) |
| *kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ | (Akɨ) hutaŋ (W), (Acɨ) kutes (Z) |
| *si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka (W) |
| *si(mb,p)at[V] ‘saliva’ | sɨmbu ‘spit’ |
| *simb(i,u) ‘guts’ | su ‘faeces’ |
| *simbil[VC] ‘navel’ | (Akɨ) simbilɨm, (Acɨ) cimbilɨm (both W) |
| *si(m,mb)(i,u) + modifier ‘buttocks’ | susum (W) |
| *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ ‘sand’ | kasɨŋ (Z) |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | maŋgɨ ‘egg’ |
| *nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | i ŋg- ‘see’ |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | mɨka (W) |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kɨm- ‘die’ |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | (sa)kum ‘nape’ |
| *kambena ‘arm’ | human (W) |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨnjɨlɨ (W) (cf. gɨndrɨ ‘root’ |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | hɨnji (W) |
| *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep, lie down’ | hɨni- ‘be, stay, exist’ |
| *kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ | hutaŋ (W) |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | hɨmi- (W) |
| *kit(i,u) ‘leg’ | gɨtɨ (Z) |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (Acɨ) mukum (W), Akɨ mɨhum (W) |
| *takVn[V] ‘moon’ | lakun (W) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | hɨnji (W) |
| *tumuk ‘to thunder’ | (?) lɨmbɨ(lami) (W) |
| *kindil ‘root’ | hɨndɨlɨ (W) (Z. gives gundru) |
References
- ^ Apalɨ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl: 1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
- ^ Daniels, Don Roger (June 2015). "A Reconstruction of Proto-Sogeram". Alexandria Digital Research Library: 84–85.
- ^ Wade, Martha. n.d. Dictionary of the Apalɨ language. Printout. Madang: Pioneer Bible Translators.
- ^ Z’graggen, John A. 1980. A comparative word list of the Southern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.