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Mechanism of zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) recognition of specific target RNA, and the process by which ZAP coordinates downstream RNA degradation (left). ZAP-RNA complex protein ribbon diagram (right).

Antiviral proteins are proteins that are induced by human or animal cells to interfere with viral replication. These proteins are isolated to inhibit the virus from replicating in a host's cells and stop it from spreading to other cells.[ citation needed] The Pokeweed antiviral protein and the Zinc-Finger antiviral protein are two major antiviral proteins that have undergone several tests for viruses, including HIV and influenza.[ citation needed]

Pokeweed antiviral protein

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) is a ribosome inactivating protein that provides pokeweed plants protection against both viral and fungal infections. [1] It also protects other types of plants that have genetically engineered to express RAP that do not normally do so. [1] Recombinant PAP has also been proposed as a treatment of human diseases such as AIDS and cancer. [2] [3]

ZC3HAV1

ZAP (Zinc finger Antiviral Protein) is encoded by the ZC3HAV1 gene [4] whose expression is induced by interferon and helps fight a number of viral infections including influenza. [5]

IFITM3

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 ( IFITM3) inhibits the replication of number of enveloped RNA viruses including influenza A, HIV and the Ebola and Dengue viruses. [6] Consequently pharmacological induction of IFITM3 potentially could be used to treat a number of viral infections. [5]

Protein kinase R

Protein kinase R is interferon stimulated and activated either by double-stranded RNA (occurring as an intermediate in RNA viruses replication) or by other proteins. It is able to phosphorylate the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α thus inhibiting further cellular mRNA translation. [7]

References

  1. ^ a b Di R, Tumer NE (March 2015). "Pokeweed antiviral protein: its cytotoxicity mechanism and applications in plant disease resistance". Toxins. 7 (3): 755–72. doi: 10.3390/toxins7030755. PMC  4379523. PMID  25756953.
  2. ^ Rajamohan F, Engstrom CR, Denton TJ, Engen LA, Kourinov I, Uckun FM (July 1999). "High-level expression and purification of biologically active recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein". Protein Expression and Purification. 16 (2): 359–68. doi: 10.1006/prep.1999.1084. PMID  10419833.
  3. ^ Uckun FM, Rajamohan F, Pendergrass S, Ozer Z, Waurzyniak B, Mao C (March 2003). "Structure-based design and engineering of a nontoxic recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47 (3): 1052–61. doi: 10.1128/aac.47.3.1052-1061.2003. PMC  149289. PMID  12604541.
  4. ^ Gupte R, Liu Z, Kraus WL (January 2017). "PARPs and ADP-ribosylation: recent advances linking molecular functions to biological outcomes". Genes & Development. 31 (2): 101–126. doi: 10.1101/gad.291518.116. PMC  5322727. PMID  28202539.
  5. ^ a b Bedford JG, O'Keeffe M, Reading PC, Wakim LM (2019). "Rapid interferon independent expression of IFITM3 following T cell activation protects cells from influenza virus infection". PLOS ONE. 14 (1): e0210132. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1410132B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210132. PMC  6334895. PMID  30650117.
  6. ^ Wellington D, Laurenson-Schafer H, Abdel-Haq A, Dong T (February 2019). "IFITM3: How genetics influence influenza infection demographically". Biomedical Journal. 42 (1): 19–26. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.01.004. PMC  6468115. PMID  30987701.
  7. ^ Fensterl, V.; Sen, G. C. (2009), "Interferons and viral infections", BioFactors, 35 (1): 14–20, doi: 10.1002/biof.6, PMID  19319841, S2CID  27209861
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