Polish film director (1926–2016)
Andrzej Wajda
Wajda in 1963
Born Andrzej Witold Wajda
(1926-03-06 ) 6 March 1926Died 9 October 2016(2016-10-09) (aged 90) Alma mater
National Film School in Łódź Occupation(s) Film director, theatre director Years active 1951–2016 Spouses
Gabriela Obremba
(
m. 1949;
div. 1959)
Zofia Żuchowska
(
m. 1959;
div. 1967)
(
m. 1967;
div. 1969)
Awards
Andrzej Witold Wajda (Polish:
[ˈandʐɛj ˈvajda] ; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an
Honorary Oscar ,
[1] the
Palme d'Or ,
[2] as well as Honorary
Golden Lion
[3] and
Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "
Polish Film School ". He was known especially for his trilogy of war films consisting of
A Generation (1955),
Kanał (1957) and
Ashes and Diamonds (1958).
[4]
He is considered one of the world's most renowned filmmakers,
[5] whose works chronicled his native country's political and social evolution
[6] and dealt with the myths of Polish
national identity offering insightful analyses of the universal element of the Polish experience – the struggle to maintain dignity under the most trying circumstances.
Four of his films have been nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film :
The Promised Land (1975),
[7]
The Maids of Wilko (1979),
[8]
Man of Iron (1981) and
Katyń (2007).
[9]
Early life
Wajda was born in
Suwałki ,
[10] the son of Aniela (née Białowąs), a school teacher, and Jakub Wajda, an army officer.
[11] In 1942, he joined the Polish resistance and served in the
Home Army . After the war, he studied to be a painter at
Kraków's Academy of Fine Arts before entering the
Łódź Film School ,
[12] where many famous Polish directors, such as
Roman Polanski , studied.
Early career
After Wajda's apprenticeship to director
Aleksander Ford , Wajda was given the opportunity to direct his own film.
A Generation (1955) was his first major film. At the same time Wajda began his work as a director in theatre, including
Michael V. Gazzo 's
A Hatful of Rain (1959),
Hamlet (1960), and
Two for the Seesaw (1963) by
William Gibson . Wajda made two more increasingly accomplished films, which developed further the anti-war theme of A Generation :
Kanał (1957) (
Special Jury Prize at
Cannes Film Festival in 1957, shared with Bergman's
The Seventh Seal ) and
Ashes and Diamonds (1958) with
Zbigniew Cybulski .
[13]
While capable of turning out mainstream commercial fare (often dismissed as "trivial" by critics), Wajda was more interested in works of
allegory
[14] and
symbolism ,
[15] and certain symbols (such as setting fire to a glass of liquor, representing the flame of youthful idealism that was extinguished by the war) recur often in his films.
Lotna (1959) is full of
surrealistic and symbolic scenes and shots, but he managed to explore other styles, making
new wave style
Innocent Sorcerers (1960) with music by
Krzysztof Komeda , starring
Roman Polanski and
Jerzy Skolimowski (who was also a co-script writer) in the episodes. Then Wajda directed
Samson (1961), the story of Jacob, a Jewish boy, who wants to survive during the Nazi occupation of Poland. In the mid-1960s Wajda made
The Ashes (1965) based on the novel by Polish writer
Stefan Żeromski and directed several films abroad:
Love at Twenty (1962),
Siberian Lady Macbeth
[16]
[17] (1962) and
Gates To Paradise (1968).
In 1967, Cybulski was killed in a train accident, whereupon the director articulated his grief with
Everything for Sale
[18] (1968), considered one of his most personal films, using the technique of a film-within-a-film to tell the story of a film maker's life and work. The following year he directed an ironic satire
Hunting Flies
[19] with the script written by
Janusz Głowacki and a short television film called
Przekładaniec based on a screenplay by
Stanisław Lem .
[20]
Artistic recognition
Andrzej Wajda (center), c. 1970
The 1970s were the most prolific artistic period for Wajda, who made over ten films:
Landscape After the Battle (1970),
Pilate and Others (1971),
The Wedding (1972) – the film version of the famous Polish poetic drama by
Stanisław Wyspiański ,
The Promised Land (1974),
Man of Marble (1977) – the film takes place in two time periods, the first film showing the episodes of
Stalinism in Poland,
The Shadow Line (1976),
Rough Treatment (a.k.a.
Without Anesthesia ) (1978),
The Orchestra Conductor (1980), starring
John Gielgud ; and two psychological and existential films based upon novels by
Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz –
The Birch Wood (1970) and
The Maids of Wilko
[21] (1979). The Birch Wood was entered into the
7th Moscow International Film Festival where Wajda won the Golden Prize for Direction.
[22]
Wajda continued to work in theatre, including
Play Strindberg , Dostoyevsky's
The Possessed and Nastasja Filippovna – Wajda's version of
The Idiot , November Night by Wyspiański,
The Immigrants by Sławomir Mrożek, The Danton Affair or The Dreams of Reason .
[23]
Wajda during filming in 1974
Wajda's later commitment to Poland's burgeoning
Solidarity movement was manifested in
Man of Iron (1981), a thematic sequel to The Man of Marble , with Solidarity leader
Lech Wałęsa appearing as himself in the latter film. The film sequence is loosely based on the life of
Anna Walentynowicz , a hero of socialist labor
Stakhanovite turned dissident and alludes to events from real life, such as the firing of Walentynowicz from the shipyard and the underground wedding of
Bogdan Borusewicz to
Alina Pienkowska .
[24] The director's involvement in this movement would prompt the Polish government to force Wajda's production company out of business. For the film, Wajda won the
Palme d'Or at the
Cannes Film Festival .
In 1983, he directed
Danton , starring
Gérard Depardieu in the title role, a film set in 1794 (Year Two of the
French Republican calendar ) dealing with the
Post-Revolutionary Terror . Made against the backdrop of the
martial law in Poland , Wajda showed how easily revolution can change into terror and start to "eat its own children."
[25] For this film Wajda was honoured with the
Louis Delluc Prize and a
César Award for Best Director . In the 1980s, he also made
A Love in Germany (1983) featuring
Hanna Schygulla , The Chronicle of Amorous Incidents (1986) an adaptation of
Tadeusz Konwicki 's novel and
The Possessed (1988) based on
Dostoyevsky 's novel. In theatre he prepared an interpretation of Dostoyevsky's
Crime and Punishment (1984) and other unique spectacles such as Antygone , his sequential
Hamlet versions and the early 20th-century Jewish play
The Dybbuk . In 1989, he was the President of the Jury at the
16th Moscow International Film Festival .
[26]
Career after 1990
During the filming of
Katyń in 2007
In 1990, Andrzej Wajda was honoured by the
European Film Awards for his lifetime achievement, only the third director to be so honoured, after
Federico Fellini and
Ingmar Bergman . In the early 1990s, he was elected a senator and also appointed artistic director of Warsaw's Teatr Powszechny. He continued to make films set during World War II, including
Korczak
[27] (1990), a story about a Jewish-Polish doctor who takes care of orphan children, in The Crowned-Eagle Ring (1993) and
Holy Week (1995) specifically on Jewish-Polish relations. In 1994, Wajda presented his own film version of
Dostoyevsky 's novel
The Idiot in the movie
Nastasja ,
[28] starring Japanese actor Tamasoburo Bando in the double role of Prince Mishkin and Nastasja. The film's cinematographer was
Paweł Edelman , who subsequently became one of Wajda's great collaborators. In 1996, the director went in a different direction with
Miss Nobody ,
[29] a coming-of-age drama that explored the darker and more spiritual aspects of a relationship between three high-school girls. In 1999, Wajda released the epic film
Pan Tadeusz ,
[30] based on the
epic poem of the Polish 19th-century romantic poet
Adam Mickiewicz .
A year later, at the
2000 Academy Awards , Wajda was presented with an
honorary Oscar for his contribution to world cinema;
[31] he subsequently donated the award to
Kraków 's
Jagiellonian University .
[32] In 2002, Wajda directed
The Revenge , a film version of his 1980s comedy theatre production, with
Roman Polanski in one of the main roles. In February 2006, Wajda received an
Honorary Golden Bear for lifetime achievement at the
Berlin International Film Festival .
[33] In 2007,
Katyń was released, a well-received film about the
Katyń massacre , in which Wajda's father was murdered; the director also shows the dramatic situation of those who await their relatives (mothers, wives and children). The film was nominated for the
Best Foreign Language Film Oscar in 2008.
[34]
Wajda pictured with his wife,
Krystyna Zachwatowicz , in 2010
Wajda followed it with
Sweet Rush (2009) with
Krystyna Janda as a main character. It is partly based upon a short
Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz novel. The film is dedicated to
Edward Kłosiński , Janda's husband, a cinematographer and a long-time Wajda friend and co-worker who died of cancer the same year. For this film Wajda was awarded by
Alfred Bauer Prize at the 2009 Berlin International Film Festival. He received the Prix FIPRESCI during the 2009 European Film Awards.
Walesa. Man of Hope (Wałęsa. Człowiek z nadziei ), Wajda's biography of
Lech Wałęsa , based on a script by
Janusz Głowacki and starring
Robert Więckiewicz in the title role, had its world premiere at the 2013
Venice International Film Festival . His last film was the 2016
Afterimage (Powidoki ), starring
Bogusław Linda as Polish avant-garde painter
Władysław Strzemiński .
Wajda founded The Japanese Centre of Art and Technology in
Kraków in 1994. In 2002, he founded and led his own film school with Polish filmmaker
Wojciech Marczewski . Students of Wajda School take part in different film courses led by famous European film makers.
[35]
Personal life and death
Wajda was married four times. His third wife was actress
Beata Tyszkiewicz with whom he had a daughter, Karolina (born 1967). His fourth wife was the theatre costume designer and actress
Krystyna Zachwatowicz .
[36]
In September 2009, Wajda called for the release of director
Roman Polanski after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his
1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl .
[37]
Wajda died in
Warsaw on 9 October 2016 at the age of 90 from
pulmonary failure .
[38]
[4] He was buried at
Salwator Cemetery in
Kraków .
[39]
Awards and honours
Andrzej Wajda during the
Order of the White Eagle Award Ceremony in 2011
2012:
Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary ;
[40]
2011:
Order of the White Eagle (the highest Polish distinction),
Commander of the
Order of Three Stars (Latvia);
[41]
2010:
Order of Friendship of the
Russian Federation ,
[42]
[43]
Order of Danica Hrvatska (Croatia);
[44]
2008:
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine),
[45]
Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (Estonia);
[46]
2007: Nomination for an
Academy Award for
Katyń ;
2006:
Order for Merits to Lithuania ;
[47]
2006:
Honorary Golden Bear for lifetime achievement at the
56th Berlin International Film Festival ;
[33]
2005: Gold
Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis ;
[48]
2001: Commander's Cross of
Legion d'Honneur of the French Republic,
[49] Great Cross of the
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany ,
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
Moscow State Academy of Choreography ;
2000:
Academy Honorary Award from the
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ;
[50]
2000:
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts ,
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ;
[51]
1999:
Grand Cross of the
Order of Polonia Restituta , Freedom Award for film-making and for "unparalleled commitment to freedom" at the Freedom Film Festival in
Berlin , the Crystal Iris for life achievement at the National Film Festival in
Brussels ;
1997:
Praemium Imperiale Award of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Art,
Silver Bear for life achievement and, specifically, for
Holy Week , at the 46th
Berlin Film Festival (1996); Best Director Award for
Miss Nobody at the 13th
Festroia International Film Festival ,
Portugal ;
1997: Honourable Mention at the
47th Berlin International Film Festival for
Miss Nobody ;
[52]
1996:
Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution at the
46th Berlin International Film Festival for
Wielki tydzień ;
[53]
1995:
Order of the Rising Sun (Japan),
Doctor Honoris Causa of
Université Libre de Bruxelles ,
Belgium ,
Witkacy Prize – Critics' Circle Award of the Polish
ITI Centre for the promotion of the Polish theatre abroad and
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
Lumière University Lyon 2 in
Lyon , France;
1994:
Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France);
1990: European Felix Award for life achievement and an outstanding achievement and artistic conduct at the
Cannes International Film Festival ;
1989:
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
Jagiellonian University ;
1988: Nomination for the
Golden Bear at the
38th Berlin International Film Festival for
Les Possédés ;
[54]
1987:
Kyoto Prize of the Japanese
Inamori Foundation for contribution to the development of science, technology and ideas;
[55]
1986: The
Luigi Pirandello Award for activity and achievement in the area of theatre;
1985:
Herder Prize for contribution to strengthening cultural relations with nations of
Eastern and
Southern Europe ;
1983:
César Award of the
French Academy of Film Art and Technology for
Danton ;
1982:
Knight of
Legion d'Honneur (France);
Onassis Foundation Award for work for human rights and dignity;
1981:
Palme d'Or at the
Cannes Film Festival for
Man of Iron ;
1981: Nomination of an
Academy Award for
Man of Iron ;
1981:
Doctor Honoris Causa of the
University of Washington ;
1980:
FIPRESCI and Basque Cultural Society awards at the
San Sebastián International Film Festival for
The Orchestra Conductor ;
1979: Golden Lions at the 6th
Gdynia Film Festival for
The Maids of Wilko ,
Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the
Cannes International Film Festival for
Without Anesthesia , Life Achievement Award at the La Rochelle International Film Festival and
Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius for contribution to the development of Polish-Bulgarian cultural co-operation;
1979: Nomination for an
Academy Award for
The Maids of Wilko ;
1978: Golden Lions at the 5th
Gdynia Film Festival for
Without Anesthesia , Jury Award and Best Director Award at the 18th
Cartagena Film Festival (Colombia) for
Promised Land ;
1976: Journalists Award at the 3rd
Brussels International Film Festival for
Promised Land , Golden Spike for The Promised Land at the
Valladolid Film Festival ;
1975: Golden Prize at the
9th Moscow International Film Festival for
The Promised Land .;
[56]
1975: Nomination for an
Academy Award for
The Promised Land ;
1973: Silver Shell at the
San Sebastian International Film Festival for directing
The Wedding ;
1964:
Officer 's Cross of the
Order of Polonia Restituta ;
[57]
1959: Jury and
FIPRESCI Award at the
Venice Film Festival for
Ashes and Diamonds ,
Knight 's Cross of the
Order of Polonia Restituta ;
1957: Special
Jury Prize at the
Cannes International Film Festival for
Kanał .
[5]
Salwator Cemetery Andrzej Wajda tomb
Filmography
See also
References
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^
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^
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^
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^ Etkind, Alexander; Finnin, Rory; Blacker, Uilleam; Fedor, Julie; Lewis, Simon; Mälksoo, Maria; Mroz, Matilda (24 April 2013).
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External links
Awards for Andrzej Wajda
1928–1950
Warner Bros. /
Charlie Chaplin (1928)
Walt Disney (1932)
Shirley Temple (1934)
D. W. Griffith (1935)
The March of Time /
W. Howard Greene and
Harold Rosson (1936)
Edgar Bergen /
W. Howard Greene /
Museum of Modern Art Film Library /
Mack Sennett (1937)
J. Arthur Ball /
Walt Disney /
Deanna Durbin and
Mickey Rooney /
Gordon Jennings ,
Jan Domela , Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith,
Farciot Edouart ,
Loyal Griggs ,
Loren L. Ryder , Harry D. Mills,
Louis Mesenkop , Walter Oberst /
Oliver T. Marsh and Allen Davey /
Harry Warner (1938)
Douglas Fairbanks /
Judy Garland /
William Cameron Menzies /
Motion Picture Relief Fund (
Jean Hersholt ,
Ralph Morgan ,
Ralph Block ,
Conrad Nagel )/
Technicolor Company (1939)
Bob Hope /
Nathan Levinson (1940)
Walt Disney ,
William Garity , John N. A. Hawkins, and the
RCA Manufacturing Company /
Leopold Stokowski and his associates / Rey Scott /
British Ministry of Information (1941)
Charles Boyer /
Noël Coward /
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1942)
George Pal (1943)
Bob Hope /
Margaret O'Brien (1944)
Republic Studio,
Daniel J. Bloomberg , and the Republic Studio Sound Department /
Walter Wanger /
The House I Live In /
Peggy Ann Garner (1945)
Harold Russell /
Laurence Olivier /
Ernst Lubitsch /
Claude Jarman Jr. (1946)
James Baskett /
Thomas Armat ,
William Nicholas Selig ,
Albert E. Smith , and
George Kirke Spoor /
Bill and Coo /
Shoeshine (1947)
Walter Wanger /
Monsieur Vincent /
Sid Grauman /
Adolph Zukor (1948)
Jean Hersholt /
Fred Astaire /
Cecil B. DeMille /
The Bicycle Thief (1949)
Louis B. Mayer /
George Murphy /
The Walls of Malapaga (1950)
1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present
Award of Merit (Special Achievement Award) Honorary Award
1964–1970 1971–1980 1981–1990 1991–2000 2001–2006
1984–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019
International National Academics Artists People Other