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Genus of true toads in the family Bufonidae.
Anaxyrus , containing the North American toads , is a
genus of
true toads in the
family
Bufonidae .
[1] The genus is
endemic to
North and
Central America , and contains many familiar North American toad species such as the
American toad ,
Woodhouse's toad , and the
western toad .
Most species in this genus were initially classified in
Bufo , but were split due to their genetic divergence and geographic separation. Some authorities still consider Anaxyrus to be a
subgenus within Bufo .
[2]
[3] However, other authorities have disputed this classification, as doing so would also require all morphologically distinct Old World toad species to also be placed in Bufo .
[1]
Species
Binomial name
Described by, year
Common name
Anaxyrus americanus ↔
Bufo americanus
Holbrook , 1836
American toad
Anaxyrus baxteri ↔
Bufo baxteri
Porter , 1968
Wyoming toad
Anaxyrus boreas ↔
Bufo boreas
Baird &
Girard , 1852
western toad
Anaxyrus californicus ↔
Bufo californicus
Camp , 1915
arroyo toad
Anaxyrus canorus ↔
Bufo canorus
Camp, 1916
Yosemite toad
Anaxyrus cognatus ↔
Bufo cognatus
Say , 1823
Great Plains toad
Anaxyrus compactilis ↔
Bufo compactilis
Wiegmann , 1833
plateau toad , Texas toad
Anaxyrus debilis ↔
Bufo debilis
Girard, 1854
North American green toad
Anaxyrus exsul ↔
Bufo exsul
G. Myers , 1942
black toad
Anaxyrus fowleri ↔
Bufo fowleri
Hinckley , 1882
Fowler's toad
Anaxyrus hemiophrys ↔
Bufo hemiophrys
Cope , 1886
Canadian toad
Anaxyrus houstonensis ↔
Bufo houstonensis
Sanders , 1953
Houston toad
Anaxyrus kelloggi ↔
Bufo kelloggi
Taylor , 1938
little Mexican toad
Anaxyrus mexicanus ↔
Bufo mexicanus
Brocchi , 1879
southwestern toad
Anaxyrus microscaphus ↔
Bufo microscaphus
Cope, 1867
Arizona toad
Anaxyrus monfontanus ↔
Bufo monfontanus
Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020
[3]
Hot Creek toad
Anaxyrus nelsoni ↔
Bufo nelsoni
Stejneger , 1893
Amargosa toad
Anaxyrus nevadensis ↔
Bufo nevadensis
Gordon, Simandle, Sandmeier & Tracy, 2020
[3]
Railroad Valley toad
Anaxyrus punctatus ↔
Bufo punctatus
Baird & Girard, 1852
red-spotted toad , Baird's spotted toad
Anaxyrus quercicus ↔
Bufo quercicus
Holbrook, 1840
oak toad
Anaxyrus retiformis ↔
Bufo retiformis
Sanders and
H.M. Smith , 1951
Sonoran green toad
Anaxyrus speciosus ↔
Bufo speciosus
Girard, 1854
Texas toad
Anaxyrus terrestris ↔
Bufo terrestris
Bonnaterre , 1789
southern toad
Anaxyrus williamsi ↔
Bufo williamsi
Gordon ,
Simandle , and
Tracy , 2017
Dixie Valley toad
Anaxyrus woodhousii ↔
Bufo woodhousii
Girard, 1854
Woodhouse's toad
The following fossil taxa are also known, all of which were also previously placed in Bufo :
[4]
†
Anaxyrus defensor (Meylan, 2005) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of
Florida )
†
Anaxyrus hibbardi (Taylor, 1937) (Late Miocene of
Kansas )
†
Anaxyrus pliocompactilis (Wilson, 1968) (Late Miocene of Kansas, possibly synonymous with
Anaxyrus compactilis or
Anaxyrus speciosus )
†
Anaxyrus repentinus (Tihen, 1962) (Mid-Late Pleistocene (
Rancholabrean ) of Kansas, possibly synonymous with
Anaxyrus woodhousii or
Anaxyrus cognatus )
†
Anaxyrus rexroadensis (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene of Kansas)
†
Anaxyrus spongifrons (Tihen, 1962) (Late Miocene of Kansas)
†
Anaxyrus suspectus (Tihen, 1962) (Pliocene/early Pleistocene (
Blancan ) of Kansas)
†
Anaxyrus tiheni (
Auffenberg , 1957) (Late Miocene of Florida)
†
Anaxyrus valentinensis (
Estes & Tihen, 1964) (Middle Miocene (
Barstovian ) of
Nebraska )
References
External links
Frost DR ,
Grant T [in French] ,
Faivovich JN [in French] ,
Bain RH [in French] ,
Haas A [in German] ,
Haddad CLFB [in French] , De Sá RO,
Channing A [in French] ,
Wilkinson M [in French] ,
Donnellan SC ,
Raxworthy CJ [in French] ,
Campbell JA , Blotto BL, Moler P, Drewes RC,
Nussbaum RA [in French] ,
Lynch JD [in French] , Green DM, Wheeler WC (2006).
"The Amphibian Tree of Life" . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 297 : 1–291.
doi :
10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2 .
hdl :
2246/5781 .
Pauly GB,
Hillis DM ,
Cannatella DC [in French] (November 2004).
"The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo )" .
Evolution . 58 (11): 2517–2535.
doi :
10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00881.x .
PMID
15612295 .
Pauly, Gregory B.; Hillis, David M.; Cannatella, David C. (June 2009).
"Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names" . Herpetologica . 65 (2): 115–128.
doi :
10.1655/08-031R1.1 .
Further reading
Tschudi JJ (1845). "Reptilium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraque observata vel collecta sunt in itinere ". Archiv für Naturgeschichte 11 (1): 150–170. (Anaxyrus , new genus, p. 170). (in Latin)