An Australian grammar : comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language, as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter's River, Lake Macquarie, &c. New South Wales is a book written by
Lancelot Edward Threlkeld and published in
Sydney in 1834. It is a
grammar of the
Awabakal language.
In 1892 a revised and much expanded version was published by
ethnologistJohn Fraser, as An Australian Language as Spoken by the Awabakal..., in which he and other contributors added much text, several appendices, and a map of the tribes of
New South Wales as
frontispiece.
Description
An Australian grammar : comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language, as spoken by the Aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter's River, Lake Macquarie, &c. New South Wales (1834), by English
missionary Lancelot Threlkeld, is a description of what is now referred to as the Awabakal language, spoken by people in the
Hunter Valley and
Lake Macquarie regions of New South Wales, Australia.[1]
In 1892, ethnologist and
linguist John Fraser[2] republished a greatly expanded version of Threlkeld's work, as An Australian language as spoken by the Awabakal, the people of Awaba or Lake Macquarie (near Newcastle, New South Wales) being an account of their language, traditions and customs / by L.E. Threlkeld; re-arranged, condensed and edited with an appendix by John Fraser.[3]
In the preface, Fraser writes: "...but we have now come to know that this dialect was essentially the same as that spoken by the sub-tribes occupying the land where
Sydney now stands, and that they all formed part of one great tribe, the
Kuriggai". The book included a "Map of New South Wales as occupied by the native tribes", accompanied by descriptions and names decided upon by Fraser after "ten years' thought and inquiry on the location of our native tribes".[3] The book was very influential, but not without its critics.
Norman Tindale (1974) later wrote that there was such a "literary need for major groupings that [Fraser] set out to provide them for New South Wales, coining entirely artificial terms for his 'Great tribes'. These were not based on field research and lacked aboriginal support. His names such as Yunggai, Wachigari and Yakkajari can be ignored as artifacts".[4]
Comparison of contents
1834 edition
The contents of Threlkeld's work are as follows:[1]
Introductory remarks
Part 1: Pronunciation and Orthography (three chapters: Pronunciation; Orthography; Etymology)
Part 2: The parts of speech
Part 3: Vocabulary and illustrations (two chapters: Vocabulary; Illustrations)
1892 edition
The contents of Fraser's edition are as follows:[3]
Frontispiece: Map of New South Wales as occupied by the native tribes
The illustrations [Text explaining map, and three other illustrations, pictures of people]
Introduction
Part 1.
An Australian grammar : comprehending the principles and natural rules of the language, as spoken by the aborigines, in the vicinity of Hunter's River, Lake Macquarie, &c. New South Wales / L.E. Threlkeld [1834]
A key to the structure of the aboriginal language : being an analysis of the particles used as affixes, to form the various modifications of the verbs ; shewing the essential powers, abstract roots, and other peculiarities of the language spoken by the aborigines in the vicinity of Hunter River, lake Macquarie, etc., New South wales / L.E. Threlkeld [1850]
Part 2. The gospel by St. Luke translated into the language of the Awabakal / L.E. Threlkeld [1891]
Part 3. An Awabakal-English lexicon to the gospel according to Saint Luke / L.E. Threlkeld [1892]
Part 4.
Appendix A. A short grammar and vocabulary of the dialect spoken by the Minyung people of the north-east coast of New South Wales / H. Livingstone
B. Grammar of the language spoken by the Narrinyeri tribe in S. Australia / G. Taplin
C. Grammar of the language spoken by the aborigines of Western Australia
D. Grammar and vocabulary of the aboriginal dialect called the Wirradhuri
E. Prayers in the Awabakal dialect
F. Gurre Kamilaroi 'Kamilaroi sayings'
G. Specimens of a dialect of the aborigines of New South Wales : being the first attempt to form their speech into a written language.