Alise-Sainte-Reine is located some 17 km southeast of
Montbard and 50 km northwest of
Dijon. The D905 from
Venarey-les-Laumes to
Posanges in the south passes through the western part of the commune. Access to the village however is on the D103, D103J, and D103T from Venaray-les-Laumes in the west which continues east to join the D10 road. Apart from the village the commune consists of farmland with some forest and a horse racing track in the west.[3]
The Ozeraine river forms most of the southern border of the commune and flows west to join the Brenne west of the commune.[3]
Etymology
Because of its identification with
Alesia the origin of the name of Alise-Sainte-Reine has been the subject of numerous studies. Several ideas have been proposed for a root of *alis and three proposals have attracted the attention of linguists and toponymists:
alisier (
Sorbus aria) (a tree originating from Southern Europe),
These points were confirmed by Jacques Lacroix[5] in his study of the god of Alise:
Alisanos.[6]
Research on alisier remains largely unfinished despite numerous attempts to develop the subject.[7][8]
The theme of the oronym *alis or *ales meaning "rocky height" is the one that is currently most frequently put forward to explain the name of Alesia. It is from an Indo-European root *palis or *pales, the initial [p] became silent in Celtic, while on the contrary it remains in Latin place names such as Palatinus (
Palatine Hill) for example. In
Germanic the Indo-European [p] was mute [f] which gives *falisa in lower
Old Frankish, felisa in
Old High German or the German Fels meaning "rock".[9][10][11][12] A number of researchers also believe that the term may be suitable for a site in Alise-Sainte-Reine that has cliffs.
The explanation of a
hydronym was mentioned early - in 1901
Camille Jullian said that the name of Alise derived from the spring in the heart of the village and which was very famous until the early 20th century.[13] It recurred in 1908 by breaking the radical *Alis into two themes AL + IS.[14]
In 1956 Paul Lebel did not resume this juxtaposition of the two hydronymic themes, he proposed instead for some rivers the prototype *alisa from the post-Celtic period, which is why in the case of Alesia, he ultimately opted for the
oronym.[15]
In 1990 the study of the etymology of the name of Alesia was taken over by Marianne Mulon.[16] She wrote that the oronymic and the hydronymic proposals were both "reasonable".[17] The same year Ernest Nègre in his General toponymy of France, vol 1, explained the name of Alise-Sainte-Reine as pre-Celtic *alis + Gallic Suffix -ia and he indicated that it is a derivative from a designation of a spring.[18] In 1995 the historian Francis Lassus and linguist Gerard Taverdet annotate the study by Ernest Nègre stating that his explanation by hydronym is legitimate because of the thermal spring present at Alise.[19] In 2007 Gerard Taverdet stated that this spring has been the subject of numerous pilgrimages while being exploited for therapy.[20]
In 2010 Stephane Gendron, another toponymist, posed the question: is it from the root *ales designating a mountain or the root *alis designating the spring? He adds, however, that the village has a mineral source and a sanctuary with a Gallic bathhouse with a therapeutic function.[21][22]
The healing waters site were undoubtedly famous since Celtic times. In the modern era the trade in
mineral water from Alise went beyond the borders of Burgundy and even extended to
Europe which lasted until the early 20th century.[23] The sanctuary was very large and it was dedicated to
Apollo Moritasgus.[24][25] Jacques Lacroix said that this deity was associated with the healing waters with the first part of its name Mori- designating the sea or water as in are-morica (
Armorique) or in the maritime tribe of the
Morini.[26]
During the revolutionary period of the
National Convention (1792-1795), the commune bore the names of Alise and Petite-Alise.[27]
History
Alise is strongly reminiscent of
Alesia and it is perhaps no coincidence since the town lies at the foot of Mont Auxois and the Gallic
oppidum attested by excavations and a likely archaeological site, although still contested by some, of the ancient fortress defended by
Vercingetorix.
Sainte-Reine is directly derived from the name of the Christian martyr
Sainte Reine who was beheaded at this place in 252 AD and who is the commune's patron saint.
The common symbol to represent the town is the statue of Vercingetorix erected by the orders of
Napoleon III to show the strength of
Gaul.
The identification of Alesia with Alise is based on a now considerable amount of archaeological and historical research:
Alise is the oldest site identified with Alesia. The identification had already been made in the
Carolingian period.
The text of
Dio Cassius placing Alesia in territory of the
Sequani was written long after the siege and may be incorrect: its value as a source cannot be placed above the text of Caesar or the text of
Strabo, which placed Alesia closer to
Arvernes. Although the remarks of
Diodorus of Sicily on Alesia are not as late as Dion, their value should not be exaggerated and cannot fully guide a search. Didorus was concerned not only with the location of the site but also with its religious character.
The
oppidum on Mount Auxois at Alise first revealed Gallo-Roman constructions from after the battle. But its Gallic levels are now known to be contemporary with the Gallic Wars and have been so identified without any doubt.
A Gallic inscription from the first century c.e. in Latin characters[28][29][30] from the Roman era is assuredly the name of the place: Alisiia, an identification of the Gallic form of the name with the Latin form Alesia, is explained by the phonology of the short vowels /e/ and /i/ in Gallic.[31][32] The inscription reads:
MARTIALIS DANNOTALI IEVRV VCVETE SOSIN CELICNON
ETIC GOBEDBI DVGIIONTIIO VCVETIN IN ALISII
"Martialis [son] of Dannotalos offered to [the god] Ucuetis this edifice,
and to the smiths who honour (?) Ucuetis in Alisia"[33]
Excavations in the reign of
Napoleon III identified clear traces of Roman siege works. Long criticized, their value has been confirmed by excavations in the 1990s by a Franco-German team. The Roman temporary fortifications that were found are consistent with Caesar's text, even if they show that Caesar sometimes generalized his descriptions. Excavations demonstrated the ability of the Romans to adapt their equipment to the terrain.
Coins found in the 19th century were authenticated by recent scientific studies including those of Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Beaulieu and new discoveries made in the 1990s. The large number of Roman coins is easily explained by the presence of Caesar's legions. The great diversity of Gallic coins with significant
Arvernian sets including coins of
Vercingetorix, the
Aedui and the
Sequani, can only be explained by the presence of coalition troops.
The discovery, during recent excavations in one of the Roman camps, of a sling shot with the name of Caesar's lieutenant
Labienus, leaves no possible doubt that the fortification works are from Caesar's army and date from the
Gallic War.
The series of archaeological aerial photographs taken since 1959 show evidence of continuous lines of ditches corresponding to the
military investments of the siege of Alesia.[34]
Given these facts, a consensus on the location of the battle has been reached by professional historians and archaeologists in France and abroad (where the controversy was not as great). However, associations and individuals continue to put forward alternative hypotheses.[35]
The Sainte-Reine Hospital (1659).[40][41] The hospital contains a very large number of items which are registered as historical objects.[40][41]
The Ancient site of Alesia (1st century).[42] The MuséoParc Alésia (on the site of the
Battle of Alesia) has an
oppidum and the remains of a Gallo-Roman city.[43] On 26 March 2012 the "interpretation centre" was opened to the public and aims to attract 150,000 visitors a year.[44]
The Gallo-Roman site
The
archaeological site of Alesia was not abandoned following the siege of Alesia. Recent excavations have unearthed the ruins of buildings that reflect the
romanization of the site. There is a
theatre to the northwest, which was a feature of Roman Gaul. It has a cavea in the shape of a semi-circle, in which the audience sat on wooden bleachers that have disappeared over time. The actors appeared in the orchestra. The capacity of the theatre is estimated to have been 5,000 seats, which is low compared to the theatre at
Autun (20,000 seats). The circular wall of the cavea measures 81 metres. To the east of the theatre stood a
temple which was commonly used in Gallo-Roman cities for both religion and entertainment. The
cella of this temple stood on a
podium similar to the
Maison Carree in
Nimes. Modest in size, it was opened up in accordance with the requirements of worship. Its facade had four columns of which nothing remains today.
Archaeologists believe that this temple, which is surrounded by a wall built in the 2nd century AD, was dedicated to
Taranis or
Jupiter. The objects found at the site and kept at the Alesia Museum reflect the emergence of the cult of
Cybele in the 3rd and 4th centuries.
Next to the temple a
basilica served the political and judicial functions of the city. The
Curia and
courts held meetings in this type of building. The affairs of the city were also discussed in the public square: the
forum. It was lined with shops and served as a meeting place for the city's inhabitants. There is a monument to the north of the forum that is said to be of Ucuetis, headquarters of the corporation of
bronziers. It also served as a shrine to honour the gods
Bergusia and
Ucuetis.
Picture Gallery of the MuséoParc Alésia
View of the fortifications
Archeodrome at Alise-Sainte-Reine
Gallo-Roman divinities
Silver Drinking cup, 1st century
The cellar of a house
Map of fortifications built for Caesar at Alesia
Monument of Ucuetis
Ovens for bronzing
Religious heritage
The commune has several religious sites that are registered as historical monuments:
The Chapel and Fountain of Sainte-Reine (1498).[47] The chapel contains a very large number of items which are registered as historical objects.[47]
Other religious sites of interest
The Church of Saint-Léger partly dates from as early as the 7th century.
The church exterior
The bell tower
The church interior
A Temple at Croix-Saint-Charles, has remains of columns, an octagonal sanctuary with its annexes and trenches indicating a surrounding wall, and unidentified quadrangular buildings.[48][49]
Cultural events
Every Saturday and Sunday in August is a representation of the Mystery of
Sainte Reine, a tradition that dates back to 866.[50]
The Festival of Nuits Peplum d'Alesia, a contemporary music festival in late July.
^Albert Dauzat, Gaston Deslandes and
Charles Rostaing, Etymological Dictionary of names of rivers and mountains in France, Klincksieck, Paris, 1978, pp. 5 and 8. (in French)
^Jacques Lacroix, The Names of Gallic Origin. Gallic Gods, vol 3, Errance, Paris, 2007, pp. 37 and 38. (in French)
^On the
Theonym see also: Pierre-Yves Lambert The Gallic Language: Linguistic description, commentary on selected inscriptions, Errance, Paris, 2003, p. 105, pp. 137 and 138.
^François Lassus and Gérard Taverdet, Place names of Franche-Comté, introduction to their toponymy, Bonneton, 1995, p. 153: the authors highlighted, on the subject of the root *alisa, that the discussion is lively among linguists.
^Xavier Delamarre, Dictionary of the Gallic language: a linguistic approach to continental old-Celtic, Paris, Errance, 2003, p. 39. (in French)
^Gérard Taverdet, The placenames of Burgundy. Bonneton, 2007, p. 25. (in French)
^Jacques Lacroix, preface by Venceslas Kruta, Names of Gallic Origin. Gallic Fighters, vol 1, Paris, Errance, 2003, p. 125. (in French)
^Contribution by Marianne Mulon in André Berthier, André Wartelle, Alésia, Paris Nouv. Éd. Latines, 1990, p. 290. (in French)
^Camille Jullian, Gallo-roman notes on Alésia in the Review of Ancient studies, 1901 p.140, also: The name of Alésia in pro Alésia 1, 1907-1908, pp. 241 and 242. (in French)
^IS is a well known hydronymic theme which is notably found in the name of the
Isère and the
Oise.
^Paul Lebel, Principles and Methods of French hydronymy, Paris, 1956, 207-209 and p. 306 note 1.
^Marianne Mulon, Op. cit, pp. 289-292. (in French)
^Theme also taken over by Xavier Delamarre, op. cit, p. 39: Alisia and its derivatives Alisontia, Alisincum etc., found in numerous toponyms and hydronyms in Gaul. (in French)
^Ernest Nègre, General Toponymy of France, vol 1, Geneva, 1990
§ 1016 root *Alis, 22-27. See also: Alisia as a designation of a spring. The hydronym Alzonne in France in Festschrift für Johannes hubschmid zum 65. Geburtstag, 1982, p. 627. (German)
^François Lassus and Gérard Taverdet, op. cit, p. 35. (in French)
^The Grammarian Consentius attested that the Gallic pronunciation e and i are similar. See P.-M. Duval, Gaul towards the middle of the 5th century, Paris, 1971, p. 774. (in French)
^P.-Y. Lambert, The Gallic language, Paris, 2003, p. 43. with the example of Alesia. (in French)
^Sims-Williams, P. "Celtic" in The Indo-European Languages by Mate Kapović (Editor), Routledge, 2017. p.361
^Archaeology Archives, Alésia, How a Gallic oppidum is entered in history, No. 305, July–August 2005. A textbook case for aerial photography, pp. 46-55. (in French)
^See:
Battle of Alesia for a bibliography on the battle and the development on the controversy about its location.
André Berthier, André Wartelle, Alésia, Nouv. Éd. Latines, Paris, 1990 (in French)
Albert Dauzat, Gaston Deslandes, and Charles Rostaing, Etymological Dictionary of the names of rivers and mountains in France, Klincksieck, Paris, 1978. (in French)
Xavier Delamarre, Dictionary of the Gallic language: A linguistic approach to continental Old Celtic, Errance, Paris, 2003 (in French)
Camille Jullian, Notes on Gallo-roman Alésia, Review of Ancient Studies, 1901, p. 140. (in French)
Camille Jullian, The name of Alésia in pro Alésia 1, 1907-1908, p. 241. (in French)
Jacques Lacroix, pref. V. Kruta, Names of gallic Origin. Fighting Gaul, vol 1, Errance, Paris, 2003 (in French)
Jacques Lacroix, Names of Gallic Origin. The Gaul of Gods, vol 3, Errance, Paris, 2007. (in French)
Pierre-Yves Lambert, The Gallic language: linguistic description, commentary on selected inscriptions, Errance, Paris, 2003 (in French)
François Lassus and Gérard Taverdet, Place names of Franche-Comté. Introduction to the toponymy, Bonneton, 1995 (in French)
Paul Lebel, Principles and Methods of French hydronymy, Paris, 1956. (in French)
Joël Le Gall, Alésia. Archeology and history, Fayard, Paris, 1963 (in French)
Ernest Nègre, Alisia qui a dû désigner d'abord la source. The hydronym Alzonne in France, dans Otto Winkelmann, Maria Braisch, Festschrift für Johannes Hubschmid zum 65. Geburtstag. Beiträge zur allgemeines, indogermanischen and romanischen Sprachwissenschaft, Bern-Munich, Francke, 1982, p. 627. (German)
Ernest Nègre, General Toponymy of France, vol, 1, Geneva, 1990 (in French)
Michel Reddé, Alésia. Archeology against Imagination, Paris, 2003 (in French)
Gérard Taverdet, Place names of Burgundy, Bonneton, 2007 (in French)