Qadi Baydawi (also known as Naṣir ad-Din al-Bayḍawi, also spelled Baidawi, Bayzawi and Beyzavi; d. June 1319,
Tabriz) was a
Persian[4] jurist, theologian, and
Quran commentator. He lived during the post-
Seljuk and early
Mongol era. Many commentaries have been written on his work. He was also the author of several theological treatises.[5]
He lived in the period of the
Salghurids. Iranian region was a sheltered place because the Salgurs got along with the Mongols in this period. For this reason, this region became a safe region preferred by scholars. He also benefited from the scholars who came here. Details about his life are available in his book titled al-Gayah al-Kusvâ.[6]
Baydawi's only Persian work, the Kitab Nizam al-Tawarikh, is the first historical book to showcase the ethno-national history of Iran.[4]
Biography
Baydawi was a native of
Bayda (from which his
nisba was derived), a small town in the
Fars region of southern
Iran.[7] Since 1148, the region had been controlled by the
Salghurids, a family of
Turkoman origin, who would rule as nominal vassals of the
Seljuks, the
Khwarazmshahs, and the
Mongols until their downfall in 1282.[8] Baydawi's date of birth is unknown, however, assessing his accomplishments throughout his career, it can be deduced that he was born sometime during the reign of the Salghurid atabeg (ruler)
Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd (
r. 1226–1260). During this period, culture flourished in Fars; Abu Bakr ordered the construction of many hospitals and high-level religious establishments which attracted many scholars.[7]
Like the majority of the population of Fars, Baydawi was a
Sunni Muslim of the
Shafi'itemadhhab (school).[9] Baydawi's education is obscure. According to the historian al-Yafi'i, Baydawi was tutored by his father Umar, who had been a student of Mujir-ad-Din Mahmud ibn Abi-al-Mubarak al-Baghdadi ash-Shafi'i, a former student of Mui'in-ad-Din Abi-Sa'id Mansur ibn Umar al-Baghdadi, who had studied under the prominent Persian philosopher
al-Ghazali (died 1111).[10]
Works
al-Baydawi wrote on many subjects, including
fiqh (jurisprudence), history, Arabic grammar,
tafsir and
theology.
His major work is the commentary on the
Qur'an entitled The Lights of Revelation and the Secrets of Interpretation (Anwar al-Tanzil wa-Asrar al-Ta'wil)'. This work is largely a condensed and amended edition of al-Zamakhshari's (al-Kashshaf). That work, which displays great learning, is affected by Mu'tazilite views, which al-Baydawi has tried to amend, sometimes by refuting them and sometimes by omitting them.[11][12] In addition to drawing heavily from al-Kashshaf, al-Baydawi's tafsir also relied on the tafsirs of
Fakhr al-Din al-Razi and
al-Raghib al-Isfahani.[13] It has been edited by
Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer (2 vols., Leipzig, 1846-1848; indices ed. W. Fell, Leipzig, 1878). A selection with numerous notes was edited by
D. S. Margoliouth as Chrestomathia Beidawiana (London, 1894),[5] and his commentary on
Sūra 12 was edited and translated by
A. F. L. Beeston.[14]
His historical work Nizam al-Tawarikh (The Ordering of Histories) was written in Persian, his native language.[1] It seems to be part of an effort to encourage
Abaqa Khan, the
Buddhist ruler of
Iraq to legitimize
Ilkhanate rule in Iraq by conversion to Islam.[15] This work played a key-role in the formation of the ethno-national history of Iran, being the first book devoted to its national history.[4]
His theological/kalamic work "Tawali' al-Anwar min Matali' al-Anzar" is about the logic of
kalam in the Islamic theological tradition.
His other works: al-Gayah al-Kusvâ, Minhaj al-Usul ila Ilm al-Usul, Lub al-Albâb, Risala fî Ta'rifat al-Ulûm, Tuhfeh al-Abrâr, Havâs al-Quran.[16]
^
abEsposito, John L. (2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 39.
ISBN0195125592.
^His date of death is disputed, but 1319 CE / 719 AH is the most likely date. Other dates sometimes cited include 1286 CE / 685 AH and 1292 CE / 691 AH; see
Saleh 2017.
^Gibb, H.A.R.; Kramers, J.H.; Levi-Provencal, E.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1960]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. I (A-B) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 1129.
ISBN9004081143.
^A. F. L. Beeston, Baiḍawiʼs Commentary on Surah 12 of the Qurʾan: Text, Accompanied by an Interpretative Rendering and Notes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain: Thatcher, Griffithes Wheeler (1911). "
Baiḍāwī". In
Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214. This in turn cites:
C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp. 416–418.
Peacock, A. C. S. (2007). Mediaeval Islamic Historiography and Political Legitimacy: Balʿamī's Tārīkhnāma. London and New York: Routledge.
ISBN978-0-415-40025-1.
Lane, George E. (2012). "The Mongols in Iran". In
Daryaee, Touraj (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
ISBN978-0-19-987575-7.