Lepidus, with some 21,000 troops, manages to escape to
Sardinia. Soon afterwards he becomes ill and dies, his battered army, now under command by
Marcus Perperna Vento, sails on to the
Iberian Peninsula.[2]
Third Servile War:
Spartacus, a Thracian gladiator, escapes with around 70
slave-gladiators from a gladiator school at
Capua. They defeat a small Roman force and equip themselves with captured military equipment as well with gladiatorial weapons. Spartacus and his band of gladiators
plunder the region surrounding Capua and retire to a defensible position on
Mount Vesuvius.[4]
Summer – Spartacus and his followers defeat the Roman forces under
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and Gellius, forcing the Roman legions to retreat in disarray. Both consuls are recalled to
Rome in disgrace and relieved of their duties.[6]
Autumn – Spartacus and his followers withdraw to the
Bruttium peninsula. At one juncture he contemplates attacking Rome – but moves south. The
Senate sends
Marcus Licinius Crassus against Spartacus.[7]
Winter – Spartacus decides to camp near
Thurii. Marcus Licinius Crassus with 10 Roman legions tries to trap the rebels in the toe of
Italy. He builds a trench and a low earth
rampart (with a fortified
palisade).
Marcus Antonius is defeated by the
Cretans, who have made an
alliance with the
pirates. He is compelled to concede a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously, with the
cognomenCreticus.[8]
^LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 128.
ISBN0-631-21858-0.
^LeGlay, Marcel; Voisin, Jean-Louis; Le Bohec, Yann (2001). A History of Rome (Second ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. p. 128.
ISBN0-631-21858-0.
^Appian, Civil Wars,
1:116; Florus, Epitome,
2.8; - Florus and Appian make the claim that the slaves withdrew to Mount Vesuvius, while Plutarch only mentions "a hill" in the account of Glaber's siege of the slave's encampment.
^Appian, Civil Wars,
1.117; Plutarch, Crassus9:7; Livy, Periochae96. Livy reports that troops under the (former) praetor Quintus Arrius killed Crixus and 20,000 of his followers.
^Nic Fields (2009). Spartacus and the Slave War 73–71 BC: A gladiator rebels against Rome, p. 62.
ISBN978-1-84603-353-7.
^Shaw, Brent D (2001). Spartacus and the Slave Wars. New York: Bedford/St. Martins, pp 178–79.