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1829-1831 U.S. Congress
The 21st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the
United States Senate and the
United States House of Representatives . It met in
Washington, D.C. , from March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1831, during the first two years of
Andrew Jackson 's
presidency . The apportionment of seats in the
House of Representatives was based on the
1820 United States census . Both chambers had a
Jacksonian majority.
Major events
March 4, 1829:
Andrew Jackson inaugurated President
March 4, 1829:
Andrew Jackson became
7th President of the United States
May 10–14, 1830: Confrontational meetings between the French Chargé d'affaires in Washington DC and a group of leaders consisting of
Mark Alexander ,
William S. Archer ,
Robert H. Adams ,
Thomas Hinds ,
Dixon H. Lewis ,
Clement Comer Clay ,
Powhatan Ellis and
John McKinley grew incredibly contentious and hostile. Arguments began when the aforementioned representatives and senators charged that France owed the United States reparations from damages incurred during the Quasi-War. At one point
Thomas Hinds threatened the French Chargé d'affaires with a pistol. Eventually, only intervention by
John Forsyth prevented a major diplomatic incident. Shortly after this the governor of Virginia
John Floyd formally asked France's economic attaché to leave Virginia. This foreshadowed conflict with France over the same issue that would dominate American politics in 1835, at that point the main instigator on the American side would be President
Andrew Jackson .
[2]
[3]
May 28 – US congress passes the
Indian Removal Act .
September 27 –
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek with
Choctaw nation. (First removal treaty signed after the Removal Act.)
Major legislation
Not enacted
Treaties
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this congress. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "
Changes in membership " section.
Senate
President of the Senate
John C. Calhoun .
House of Representatives
Leadership
President pro tempore
Samuel Smith .
Senate
House of Representatives
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by
class , and representatives are listed by district.
Skip to House of Representatives , below
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are
Senate class numbers , which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1832; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, facing re-election in 1834; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1830.
▌ 2.
William R. King (J)
▌ 3.
John McKinley (J)
▌ 1.
Samuel A. Foot (NR)
▌ 3.
Calvin Willey (NR)
▌ 1.
Louis McLane (J), until April 16, 1829
▌
Arnold Naudain (NR), from January 7, 1830
▌ 2.
John M. Clayton (NR)
▌ 2.
George M. Troup (J)
▌ 3.
John Macpherson Berrien (J), until March 9, 1829
▌
John Forsyth (J), from November 9, 1829
▌ 2.
John McLean (J), until October 14, 1830
▌
David J. Baker (J), November 12, 1830 – December 11, 1830
▌
John M. Robinson (J), from December 11, 1830
▌ 3.
Elias Kane (J)
▌ 1.
James Noble (NR), until February 26, 1831, vacant for remainder of term
▌ 3.
William Hendricks (NR)
▌ 2.
George M. Bibb (J)
▌ 3.
John Rowan (J)
▌ 2.
Edward Livingston (J)
▌ 3.
Josiah S. Johnston (NR)
▌ 1.
John Holmes (NR)
▌ 2.
Peleg Sprague (NR)
▌ 1.
Samuel Smith (J)
▌ 3.
Ezekiel F. Chambers (NR)
▌ 1.
Daniel Webster (NR)
▌ 2.
Nathaniel Silsbee (NR)
▌ 1.
Powhatan Ellis (J)
▌ 2.
Thomas B. Reed (J), until November 26, 1829
▌
Robert H. Adams (J), January 6, 1830 – July 2, 1830
▌
George Poindexter (J), from October 15, 1830
▌ 1.
Thomas H. Benton (J)
▌ 3.
David Barton (NR)
▌ 2.
Samuel Bell (NR)
▌ 3.
Levi Woodbury (J)
▌ 1.
Mahlon Dickerson (J)
▌ 2.
Theodore Frelinghuysen (NR)
▌ 1.
Charles E. Dudley (J)
▌ 3.
Nathan Sanford (NR)
▌ 2.
John Branch (J), until March 9, 1829
▌
Bedford Brown (J), from December 9, 1829
▌ 3.
James Iredell Jr. (J)
▌ 1.
Benjamin Ruggles (NR)
▌ 3.
Jacob Burnet (NR)
▌ 1.
Isaac D. Barnard (J)
▌ 3.
William Marks (NR)
▌ 1.
Asher Robbins (NR)
▌ 2.
Nehemiah R. Knight (NR)
▌ 2.
Robert Y. Hayne (J)
▌ 3.
William Smith (J)
▌ 1.
John H. Eaton (J), until March 9, 1829
▌
Felix Grundy (J), from October 19, 1829
▌ 2.
Hugh Lawson White (J)
▌ 1.
Horatio Seymour (NR)
▌ 3.
Dudley Chase (NR)
▌ 1.
John Tyler (J)
▌ 2.
Littleton W. Tazewell (J)
Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 21st Congress in March 1829. 2 Jacksonians
1 Jacksonian and 1 Anti-Jacksonian
2 Anti-Jacksonians
House of Representatives
Members are listed by their districts.
▌
1 .
Clement C. Clay (J)
▌
2 .
Robert E. B. Baylor (J)
▌
3 .
Dixon H. Lewis (J)
All representatives were elected statewide on a
general ticket .
▌
At-large .
Noyes Barber (NR)
▌
At-large .
William W. Ellsworth (NR)
▌
At-large .
Jabez W. Huntington (NR)
▌
At-large .
Ralph I. Ingersoll (NR)
▌
At-large .
William L. Storrs (NR)
▌
At-large .
Ebenezer Young (NR)
▌
At-large .
Kensey Johns Jr. (NR)
All representatives were elected statewide on a
general ticket .
▌
At-large .
Thomas F. Foster (J)
▌
At-large .
Charles E. Haynes (J)
▌
At-large .
Henry G. Lamar (J), from December 7, 1829
▌
At-large .
Wilson Lumpkin (J)
▌
At-large .
Wiley Thompson (J)
▌
At-large .
James M. Wayne (J)
▌
At-large .
Richard Henry Wilde (J)
▌
At-large .
Joseph Duncan (J)
▌
1 .
Ratliff Boon (J)
▌
2 .
Jonathan Jennings (NR)
▌
3 .
John Test (NR)
▌
1 .
Henry Daniel (J)
▌
2 .
Nicholas D. Coleman (J)
▌
3 .
James Clark (NR)
▌
4 .
Robert P. Letcher (NR)
▌
5 .
Richard M. Johnson (J)
▌
6 .
Joseph Lecompte (J)
▌
7 .
John Kincaid (J)
▌
8 .
Nathan Gaither (J)
▌
9 .
Charles A. Wickliffe (J)
▌
10 .
Joel Yancey (J)
▌
11 .
Thomas Chilton (J)
▌
12 .
Chittenden Lyon (J)
▌
1 .
Edward D. White (NR)
▌
2 .
Henry H. Gurley (NR)
▌
3 .
Walter H. Overton (J)
▌
1 .
Rufus McIntire (J)
▌
2 .
John Anderson (J)
▌
3 .
Joseph F. Wingate (NR)
▌
4 .
George Evans (NR), from July 20, 1829
▌
5 .
James W. Ripley (J), until March 12, 1830
▌
Cornelius Holland (J), from December 6, 1830
▌
6 .
Leonard Jarvis (J)
▌
7 .
Samuel Butman (NR)
The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives.
▌
1 .
Clement Dorsey (NR)
▌
2 .
Benedict J. Semmes (NR)
▌
3 .
George C. Washington (NR)
▌
4 .
Michael C. Sprigg (J)
▌
5 .
Elias Brown (J)
▌
5 .
Benjamin C. Howard (J)
▌
6 .
George E. Mitchell (J), from December 7, 1829
▌
7 .
Richard Spencer (J)
▌
8 .
Ephraim K. Wilson (J)
▌
1 .
Benjamin Gorham (NR)
▌
2 .
Benjamin W. Crowninshield (NR)
▌
3 .
John Varnum (NR)
▌
4 .
Edward Everett (NR)
▌
5 .
John Davis (NR)
▌
6 .
Joseph G. Kendall (NR)
▌
7 .
George J. Grennell Jr. (NR)
▌
8 .
Isaac C. Bates (NR)
▌
9 .
Henry W. Dwight (NR)
▌
10 .
John Bailey (NR)
▌
11 .
Joseph Richardson (NR)
▌
12 .
James L. Hodges (NR)
▌
13 .
John Reed Jr. (NR)
▌
At-large .
Thomas Hinds (J)
▌
At-large .
Spencer D. Pettis (J)
All representatives were elected statewide on a
general ticket .
▌
At-large .
John Brodhead (J)
▌
At-large .
Thomas Chandler (J)
▌
At-large .
Joseph Hammons (J)
▌
At-large .
Jonathan Harvey (J)
▌
At-large .
Henry Hubbard (J)
▌
At-large .
John W. Weeks (J)
All representatives were elected statewide on a
general ticket .
▌
At-large .
Lewis Condict (NR)
▌
At-large .
Richard M. Cooper (NR)
▌
At-large .
Thomas H. Hughes (NR)
▌
At-large .
Isaac Pierson (NR)
▌
At-large .
James F. Randolph (NR)
▌
At-large .
Samuel Swan (NR)
There were three plural districts, the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives.
▌
1 .
James Lent (J)
▌
2 .
Jacob Crocheron (J)
▌
3 .
Churchill C. Cambreleng (J)
▌
3 .
Gulian C. Verplanck (J)
▌
3 .
Campbell P. White (J)
▌
4 .
Henry B. Cowles (NR)
▌
5 .
Abraham Bockee (J)
▌
6 .
Hector Craig (J), until July 12, 1830
▌
Samuel W. Eager (NR), from November 2, 1830
▌
7 .
Charles G. DeWitt (J)
▌
8 .
James Strong (NR)
▌
9 .
John D. Dickinson (NR)
▌
10 .
Ambrose Spencer (NR)
▌
11 .
Perkins King (J)
▌
12 .
Peter I. Borst (J)
▌
13 .
William G. Angel (J)
▌
14 .
Henry R. Storrs (NR)
▌
15 .
Michael Hoffman (J)
▌
16 .
Benedict Arnold (NR)
▌
17 .
John W. Taylor (NR)
▌
18 .
Henry C. Martindale (NR)
▌
19 .
Isaac Finch (NR)
▌
20 .
Joseph Hawkins (NR)
▌
20 .
George Fisher (NR), until February 5, 1830
▌
Jonah Sanford (J), from November 3, 1830
▌
21 .
Robert Monell (J), until February 21, 1831, vacant thereafter
▌
22 .
Thomas Beekman (NR)
▌
23 .
Jonas Earll Jr. (J)
▌
24 .
Gershom Powers (J)
▌
25 .
Thomas Maxwell (J)
▌
26 .
Jehiel H. Halsey (J)
▌
26 .
Robert S. Rose (Anti-M)
▌
27 .
Timothy Childs (Anti-M)
▌
28 .
John Magee (J)
▌
29 .
Phineas L. Tracy (Anti-M)
▌
30 .
Ebenezer F. Norton (J)
▌
1 .
William B. Shepard (NR)
▌
2 .
Willis Alston (J)
▌
3 .
Thomas H. Hall (J)
▌
4 .
Jesse Speight (J)
▌
5 .
Gabriel Holmes (J), until September 26, 1829
▌
Edward B. Dudley (J), from November 10, 1829
▌
6 .
Robert Potter (J)
▌
7 .
Edmund Deberry (NR)
▌
8 .
Daniel L. Barringer (J)
▌
9 .
Augustine H. Shepperd (J)
▌
10 .
Abraham Rencher (J)
▌
11 .
Henry W. Connor (J)
▌
12 .
Samuel P. Carson (J)
▌
13 .
Lewis Williams (NR)
▌
1 .
James Findlay (J)
▌
2 .
James Shields (J)
▌
3 .
Joseph H. Crane (NR)
▌
4 .
Joseph Vance (NR)
▌
5 .
William Russell (J)
▌
6 .
William Creighton Jr. (NR)
▌
7 .
Samuel F. Vinton (NR)
▌
8 .
William Stanbery (J)
▌
9 .
William W. Irvin (J)
▌
10 .
William Kennon Sr. (J)
▌
11 .
John M. Goodenow (J), until April 9, 1830
▌
Humphrey H. Leavitt (J), from December 6, 1830
▌
12 .
John Thomson (J)
▌
13 .
Elisha Whittlesey (NR)
▌
14 .
Mordecai Bartley (NR)
There were six plural districts, the 7th, 8th, 11th & 16th had two representatives each, the 4th & 9th had three representatives each.
▌
1 .
Joel B. Sutherland (J)
▌
2 .
Joseph Hemphill (J)
▌
3 .
Daniel H. Miller (J)
▌
4 .
James Buchanan (J)
▌
4 .
Joshua Evans Jr. (J)
▌
4 .
George G. Leiper (J)
▌
5 .
John B. Sterigere (J)
▌
6 .
Innis Green (J)
▌
7 .
Joseph Fry Jr. (J)
▌
7 .
Henry A. P. Muhlenberg (J)
▌
8 .
Samuel D. Ingham (J), until March 1829
▌
Peter Ihrie Jr. (J), from October 13, 1829
▌
8 .
George Wolf (J), until March 1829
▌
Samuel A. Smith (J), from October 13, 1829
▌
9 .
James Ford (J)
▌
9 .
Alem Marr (J)
▌
9 .
Philander Stephens (J)
▌
10 .
Adam King (J)
▌
11 .
Thomas H. Crawford (J)
▌
11 .
William Ramsey (J)
▌
12 .
John Scott (J)
▌
13 .
Chauncey Forward (J)
▌
14 .
Thomas Irwin (J)
▌
15 .
William McCreery (J)
▌
16 .
Harmar Denny (Anti-M), from December 15, 1829, after
William Wilkins resigned before qualifying
▌
16 .
John Gilmore (J)
▌
17 .
Richard Coulter (J)
▌
18 .
Thomas H. Sill (NR)
Both representatives were elected statewide on a
general ticket .
▌
At-large .
Tristam Burges (NR)
▌
At-large .
Dutee J. Pearce (NR)
▌
1 .
William Drayton (J)
▌
2 .
Robert W. Barnwell (J)
▌
3 .
John Campbell (J)
▌
4 .
William D. Martin (J)
▌
5 .
George McDuffie (J)
▌
6 .
Warren R. Davis (J)
▌
7 .
William T. Nuckolls (J)
▌
8 .
James Blair (J)
▌
9 .
Starling Tucker (J)
▌
1 .
John Blair (J)
▌
2 .
Pryor Lea (J)
▌
3 .
James I. Standifer (J)
▌
4 .
Jacob C. Isacks (J)
▌
5 .
Robert Desha (J)
▌
6 .
James K. Polk (J)
▌
7 .
John Bell (J)
▌
8 .
Cave Johnson (J)
▌
9 .
David Crockett (NR)
▌
1 .
Jonathan Hunt (NR)
▌
2 .
Rollin C. Mallary (NR)
▌
3 .
Horace Everett (NR)
▌
4 .
Benjamin Swift (NR)
▌
5 .
William Cahoon (Anti-M)
▌
1 .
Thomas Newton Jr. (NR), until March 9, 1830
▌
George Loyall (J), from March 9, 1830
▌
2 .
James Trezvant (J)
▌
3 .
William S. Archer (J)
▌
4 .
Mark Alexander (J)
▌
5 .
Thomas T. Bouldin (J)
▌
6 .
Thomas Davenport (J)
▌
7 .
Nathaniel H. Claiborne (J)
▌
8 .
Richard Coke Jr. (J)
▌
9 .
Andrew Stevenson (J)
▌
10 .
William C. Rives (J), until April 17, 1829
▌
William F. Gordon (J), from January 25, 1830
▌
11 .
Philip P. Barbour (J), until October 15, 1830
▌
John M. Patton (J), from November 25, 1830
▌
12 .
John Roane (J)
▌
13 .
John Taliaferro (NR)
▌
14 .
Charles F. Mercer (NR)
▌
15 .
John S. Barbour (J)
▌
16 .
William Armstrong (NR)
▌
17 .
Robert Allen (J)
▌
18 .
Philip Doddridge (NR)
▌
19 .
William McCoy (J)
▌
20 .
Robert Craig (J)
▌
21 .
Lewis Maxwell (NR)
▌
22 .
Alexander Smyth (J), until April 17, 1830
▌
Joseph Draper (J), from December 6, 1830
Non-voting members
Arkansas Territory .
Ambrose H. Sevier
Florida Territory .
Joseph M. White
Michigan Territory .
John Biddle , until February 21, 1831, vacant thereafter
Speaker of the House
Andrew Stevenson .
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
Replacements: 4
Deaths: 4
Resignations: 4
Interim appointments: 1
Total seats with changes: 7
Senate changes
State (class)
Vacated by
Reason for change
Successor
Date of successor's formal installation
[c]
Georgia (3)
John M. Berrien (J)
Resigned March 9, 1829, to become
U.S. Attorney General . Successor
elected November 9, 1829.
John Forsyth (J)
Installed November 9, 1829
North Carolina (2)
John Branch (J)
Resigned March 9, 1829, after being appointed
U.S. Secretary of the Navy . Successor
elected December 9, 1829.
Bedford Brown (J)
Installed December 9, 1829
Tennessee (1)
John Eaton (J)
Resigned March 9, 1829, after being appointed
U.S. Secretary of War . Successor
elected October 19, 1829.
Felix Grundy (J)
Installed October 19, 1829
Delaware (1)
Louis McLane (J)
Resigned April 29, 1829, to become
U.S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom . Successor
elected January 7, 1830.
Arnold Naudain (NR)
Installed January 7, 1830
Mississippi (2)
Thomas B. Reed (J)
Died November 26, 1829. Successor
elected January 6, 1830.
Robert H. Adams (J)
Installed January 6, 1830
Mississippi (2)
Robert H. Adams (J)
Died July 2, 1830. Successor appointed October 15, 1830, to continue the term, and subsequently elected.
George Poindexter (J)
Installed October 15, 1830
Illinois (2)
John McLean (J)
Died October 14, 1830. Successor appointed November 12, 1830, to continue the term.
David J. Baker (J)
Installed November 12, 1830
Illinois (2)
David J. Baker (J)
Appointee retired with elected successor qualified. Successor
elected December 11, 1830.
John M. Robinson (J)
Installed December 11, 1830
Indiana (1)
James Noble (NR)
Died February 26, 1831. Seat filled next Congress.
Vacant
Not filled this Congress
House of Representatives
Replacements: 5
Deaths: 2
Resignations: 10
Contested election: 2
Total seats with changes: 15
House changes
District
Vacated by
Reason for change
Successor
Date of successor's formal installation
[c]
Maryland 6th
Vacant
Maryland elected its members October 5, 1829, after the term began but before Congress convened. Rep-elect sworn in December after convening.
George Edward Mitchell (J)
Seated December 7, 1829
Georgia at-large
Vacant
George Gilmer (Jacksonian) was redistricted from the 1st district and re-elected but failed to accept the position within the legal time frame. Governor ordered a new election.
Henry G. Lamar (J)
Seated December 7, 1829
Maine 4th
Vacant
Peleg Sprague resigned in previous Congress
George Evans (NR)
Seated July 20, 1829
Pennsylvania 16th
Vacant
William Wilkins resigned before qualifying
Harmar Denny (AM)
Seated December 15, 1829
Pennsylvania 8th
George Wolf (J)
Resigned in 1829 before the convening of Congress
Samuel A. Smith (J)
Seated October 13, 1829
Virginia 10th
William C. Rives (J)
Resigned some time in 1829
William F. Gordon (J)
Seated January 25, 1830
Pennsylvania 8th
Samuel D. Ingham (J)
Resigned in March 1829 after being appointed
Secretary of the Treasury
Peter Ihrie Jr. (J)
Seated October 13, 1829
North Carolina 5th
Gabriel Holmes (J)
Died September 26, 1829
Edward B. Dudley (J)
Seated November 10, 1829
New York 20th
George Fisher (NR)
Lost contested election February 5, 1830, to
Silas Wright who in turn failed to qualify
Jonah Sanford (J)
Seated November 3, 1830
Virginia 1st
Thomas Newton Jr. (NR)
Lost contested election March 9, 1830
George Loyall (J)
Seated March 9, 1830
Maine 5th
James W. Ripley (J)
Resigned March 12, 1830
Cornelius Holland (J)
Seated December 6, 1830
Ohio 11th
John M. Goodenow (J)
Resigned April 9, 1830, after being appointed judge of the
Supreme Court of Ohio
Humphrey H. Leavitt (J)
Seated December 6, 1830
Virginia 22nd
Alexander Smyth (J)
Died April 17, 1830
Joseph Draper (J)
Seated December 6, 1830
New York 6th
Hector Craig (J)
Resigned July 12, 1830
Samuel W. Eager (NR)
Seated November 2, 1830
Virginia 11th
Philip P. Barbour (J)
Resigned October 15, 1830, after being appointed judge of
US Circuit Court of the Eastern District of Virginia
John M. Patton (J)
Seated November 25, 1830
New York 21st
Robert Monell (J)
Resigned February 21, 1831
Vacant
Not filled this term
Michigan Territory At-large
John Biddle
Resigned February 21, 1831
Vacant
Not filled this term
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders.
Senate
House of Representatives
Joint committees
Employees
Senate
House of Representatives
See also
Notes
References
^
21st Congress
Archived 2012-01-19 at the
Wayback Machine from the
Office of the Clerk website
^ Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845 by Robert Vincent Remini · 1984
^ obert C. Thomas, “Andrew Jackson versus France,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly, 35 (1976), 51–64.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts . New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
External links
From
American Memory at the
Library of Congress :
Other U.S. government websites: