Resolution passed in Parliament accepting Jan Lokpal Bill on 27 August 2011, Government again withdrawn Resolution on 22 December 2011, Government Cabinet introduced
The Lokpal Bill, 2011 in the parliament but failed to pass.
protests renewed in 2012 when Rajya Sabha failed to pass the Bill
The Indian anti-corruption movement, popularly known as Anna Andolan, was a series of demonstrations and protests across India that began in 2011 and was intended to establish strong legislation and enforcement against perceived endemic
political corruption.[5] The movement was named as one of the "Top 10 News Stories of 2011" by Time magazine.[6]
Mass protesters focussed on legal and political issues, including political corruption,
kleptocracy, and other forms of corruption. The movement was primarily one of non-violent
civil resistance and was composed of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, hunger strikes, and rallies, and the use of
social media to organise, communicate, and raise awareness. The protests were
nonpartisan and most protesters were hostile to political parties' attempts to use them to strengthen their own
political agenda.
Issues of corruption in India have become increasingly prominent in recent years. After independence in 1947, the country was subject to socialist-inspired economic policies until the 1980s.
Over-regulation,
protectionism, and government ownership of industry led to slow economic growth, high unemployment, and widespread poverty.[7][8] This system of bureaucratic control by government, which is called the
License Raj, was at the core of endemic corruption.[9]
The 1993
Vohra Report submitted by the former Indian Union
Home SecretaryNarinder Nath Vohra studied the
criminalisation of politics and contains several observations made by official agencies on the criminal network that was
virtually running a parallel government. It also discussed criminal gangs that enjoyed the patronage of politicians and the protection of government functionaries. According to the report, political leaders had become leaders of street gangs and rogue elements in the military. Criminals had been elected to
local bodies,
state assemblies, and the
Parliament of India.[10][11][12]
The 2005
Right to Information Act (RTI) helped civilians work towards tackling corruption. The Act allows Indian citizens to request information for a fixed fee of ₹ 10 (
US$0.22) from a public authority, which is required to reply to the request within thirty days. Activists – some of whom have been attacked and killed – have used this law to uncover corruption cases against politicians and bureaucrats.[13]
Dandi March II organized Group of Non-Resident Indians walked 240 miles in the
United States against corruption in India.[23] Started in Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Park, San Diego, California on March 12, 2011, and ends March 26 at
Gandhi Statue, San Francisco and demanded for Lokpal Bill and return of black money, March also conducted in 45 cities in USA, 40 cities in India and 8 other countries globally[24] supported many groups 5th Pillar, Youth For Better India[25]
April 2011 protests
Anna Hazare wanted a joint committee composed of members of the government and of civil society to be formed to draft tougher anti-corruption legislation. After
Manmohan Singh,
Prime Minister of India rejected Hazare's demand, Hazare began a hunger strike on 5 April 2011 at the
Jantar Mantar, Delhi.[26] He said the fast would continue until the legislation was enacted.[27] His action attracted considerable support, including some people who joined him in fasting.[28] Prominent representatives of opposition political parties, including the
Bharatiya Janata Party and the
Communist Party of India (Marxist), indicated their support for Hazare and demanded government action.[29] Hazare would not allow politicians to sit with him and those who tried to join him, such as
Uma Bharti and
Om Prakash Chautala, were turned away.[30]
Protests in sympathy with Hazare spread to other Indian cities, including
Bangalore,
Mumbai,
Chennai, and
Ahmedabad.[31] Prominent figures from
Bollywood, sports and business indicated their support,[32][33] and there were protests in other countries, including the US, Britain, France and Germany.[34][35][36] The government squabbled with the activists, insisting the drafting committee would be headed by a government-appointed minister and not, as the protesters had demanded to prevent the government from making the bill less powerful, a civil society member.[37]
On 6 April, Agriculture Minister
Sharad Pawar, whom Hazare had accused of being corrupt, resigned from the group of ministers that had been tasked with reviewing the draft bill.[38] On 9 April, the government agreed to establish a joint committee;[39] this came from a compromise that politician
Pranab Mukherjee would be chairman and a non-politician activist
Shanti Bhushan would be co-chairman.[40] Bhushan, together with Hazare, Justice
N. Santosh Hegde, advocate Prashant Bhushan and RTI activist
Arvind Kejriwal, had originally drafted the Lokpal Bill.[41] The first meeting of the Lokpal Bill drafting committee was held on 16 April. The government agreed to audio-record the committee's meetings and to hold public consultations before a final draft was prepared[42] but refused Hazare's demand for the proceedings to be televised live.[43]
June protest
In April, Ramdev had announced he would launch a people's anti-corruption movement called
Bharat Swabhiman Andolan.[44] On 13 May, it was announced India had completed ratification of the
UN Convention against Corruption, a process that had begun in 2010.[45] In early June, senior Union Ministers
Pranab Mukherjee,
Kapil Sibal,
Pawan Kumar Bansal and
Subodh Kant Sahay met Ramdev to discuss his concerns.[46] Ramdev supported Hazare's fast and led a second major protest at
Ramlila Maidan, New Delhi, on 4 June to highlight the need for legislation to repatriate untaxed
black money deposited abroad; Ramdev demanded untaxed money should be declared to be the wealth of the nation and that the act of caching allegedly illegally obtained money in foreign banks should be declared a crime against the state.[47]
The
Ramlila Maidan was booked for 40 days to allow the protest to happen. Preparations included setting up a toilet, drinking water, medical facilities and a media centre.[48] Ramdev said more than 100 million people were directly involved with the
Bharat Swabhiman Andolan.[49] Almost 3.2 million "
netizens" joined the campaign.[50]
On 5 June, police raided the Maidan, detaining Ramdev and removing his supporters after firing tear gas shells and
lathicharging.[51] Fifty-three people, including twenty police officers, were treated for injuries.[52] Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee called the police action "unfortunate" and said the police action was necessary because Ramdev had no permission to hold the protest.[53] Ministers said permission had been granted for a yoga camp with 5,000 attendees but not for a 65,000-strong political protest.[54] It was alleged the police raid had been planned for several days. The police said Ramdev had been informed shortly beforehand permission to continue his protest had been cancelled. By that time, over 5,000 police officers had been prepared for action.[55] There was an allegation CCTV footage of the raid was missing.[56]
On 6 June, the
National Human Rights Commission of India requested reports of the events to be provided within two weeks by the Union Home Secretary, Delhi Chief Secretary, and the Delhi City Commissioner of Police.[57] Hazare responded to the events by holding a one-day hunger strike.[58] Protests were held across India, including
Chennai,
Bangalore,
Mumbai,
Hyderabad,
Jammu, and
Lucknow. They also spread to
Nepal.[59][60][61][62] Ramdev said a second phase of the
Bharat Swabhiman Yatra would begin in October and would cover 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi).[63]
After the protest
Civil society response
Ramdev said the government was not serious about discussing corruption and black money, and that government negotiator Kapil Sibal had cheated him through a "scheming and cunning" attitude. He said there was a conspiracy to kill him and that he was threatened during a meeting with senior ministers. He also said the ruling government chairperson
Sonia Gandhi and the
United Progressive Alliance government will be responsible for any threat to his life, and that he was nearly strangled by the police.[64] After being evicted from Delhi, Ramdev wanted to continue his fast at
Noida but was denied permission to do so by the
Uttar Pradesh government. He decided to continue his hunger strike and
satyagraha from
Haridwar until 12 June 2011.[65][66][67]
Hazare said there might have been some faults with Ramdev's agitation, the beating up of people at night rather than in the daytime was a "blot on democracy", and that "there was no firing otherwise the eviction was similar to Jallianwala Bagh incident". He also said the "strangulation of democracy" would cause protests throughout the country to "teach government a lesson".[68][69] Campaigner
Arvind Kejriwal said the use of police force on non-violent, sleeping protesters was undemocratic.[70][71]
Government response
Congress General Secretary
Digvijay Singh said the government had reached an agreement before the protests were held.[72] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh wrote to Ramdev asking him to desist from holding the protests.[73]Nationalist Congress Party General Secretary
Tariq Anwar said; "Both Hazare and Ramdev are blackmailing the government and they should first peep into their own hearts".[74]Pawan Bansal said the midnight police raid "was not a crackdown, [the government] had to do it to maintain law and order".[75]All India Congress Committee secretary
Janardan Dwivedi described Ramdev's protest as a "political game" by the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), saying Ramdev got more attention than
Nigamananda Saraswati, a protester who had fasted for over two months about a different matter, despite being treated in the same hospital.[76]
Political party response
The BJP called the police action to break up the hunger strike "undemocratic".[77]Gujarat Chief Minister
Narendra Modi condemned the incident, comparing it with
Ravana-
Lila and adding; "It is one of the worst days of Indian history. The Prime Minister had said during the elections that he would bring back black money stashed in Swiss banks within 100 days of coming into power. But today, it is two years and nothing has happened."[78]L. K. Advani said the police action reminded him of the
Jallianwala Bagh massacre and called it "naked fascism".[78] Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha
Sushma Swaraj said: "This is not democracy ... the police cannot alone have taken such a step. It had the approval of the Prime Minister and full approval of the Congress President."[78]Bahujan Samaj Party leader and
Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister
Mayawati condemned the government's action against Ramdev, demanded an investigation by the Supreme Court of India and said justice cannot be expected from the central government.[79][80] The
Samajwadi Party chief
Mulayam Singh Yadav condemned the incident, saying it shows the Union Government has lost its mental balance. Blaming the ruling
Indian National Congress party, Yadav said; "A Congress leader said that Baba is a thug. I want to say that Congress is the biggest thug and it should introspect its deeds."[79] He also compared the raid to military action against a foreign enemy.[80]
Rashtriya Janata Dal leader
Lalu Prasad Yadav accused Ramdev of being a front for the
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[81] The
Communist Party of India (Marxist) termed the police action against Ramdev "deplorable and shortsighted" but found fault with him for making the issue of black money "farcical" by entering into a secret agreement with government.[82] The party said; "The manner in which Ramdev's demands were drafted and the way in which he has conducted his interactions with the government, coming to a secret agreement to withdraw the hunger strike on the basis of assurances, then reneging and announcing its extension trivialised the seriousness of the issue of black money and made it farcical".[80] The
Shiv Sena strongly condemned the police action.[80]Nitish Kumar, leader of
Janata Dal (United) and the Chief Minister of
Bihar, condemned the attack, saying; "It is a major blow to democracy and an attack on the democratic rights of the people ... It is also an attack on the fundamental rights of the citizens".[78]
Suo Moto cognizance by the Supreme Court
An advocate of Ramdev petitioned the Supreme Court of India, saying no
First Information Report had been registered with the police and thus the protesters' eviction was of dubious legality. The Supreme Court issued notices to the Union Home Secretary, Chief Secretary of Delhi, Delhi administration, and Delhi Police Commissioner, expressing its displeasure the entire contents of the petition had been leaked to the media before the matter went up for hearing.[83] On 29 August 2011, the Court blamed the Delhi Police for the forcible eviction.[84]
August protests
By mid-June 2011, the Jan Lokpal drafting committee was in disagreement and government representatives said if a consensus was not reached, both the government draft and that by the civil society representatives, would be sent to the Cabinet. Hazare said if only the government version of the bill was passed by parliament, he would start a hunger strike on 16 August 2011.[85] On 15 August, he announced the fast would begin the following day.[86]
The government imposed
Section 144 at
Jayaprakash Narayan Park,
Rajghat and
Delhi Gate, prohibiting an assembly of five or more people.[86] Delhi Police detained Hazare in the early morning of 16 August before he could start his hunger strike. More than 1,200 supporters, including members of
Team Anna, were also taken into preventative custody. Most of the supporters, including
Kiran Bedi and
Shanti Bushan, were released by early evening.[87][88][89] Hazare was remanded to
Tihar Jail after he refused to sign a personal bail bond. Within hours, a Team Anna spokesperson said Hazare had begun his hunger protest in custody and was not accepting water to drink. The arrests sparked protests across the country, and were condemned by opposition political parties and some non-government organisations. Parliament was unable to conduct business after a protest forced an adjournment for the day.[90][91] In Chennai,
Mahatma Gandhi's secretary
V. Kalyanam, led the protesters. He said:
India will get a sure gold medal if corruption is entered as an item in the Olympic Games. We may not be a force in football or athletics or hockey. But India is the undisputed global leader in corruption.[92]
Delhi police commissioner B. K. Gupta said the police were not keen for Hazare be sent to judicial custody and had been prepared to release him if he had given an undertaking not to break Section 144, and ask his supporters not to do so. In a message released after his detention, Hazare said this was the beginning of the "second freedom struggle" and he called on people to participate in a jail bharo (mass arrest) protest.[93] On 16 August, Hazare and his close associate and lawyer
Prashant Bhushan asked government employees across the country to go on mass leave to show solidarity with the movement. Union Home minister
P. Chidambaram hoped they would not respond, describing the call as "completely wrong".[94]
Hazare's release
It was decided to release Hazare after Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met party General Secretary
Rahul Gandhi, who disapproved of the arrest, on the evening of 16 August.[95] Congress sources said the Government decided to release him and his supporters after concluding keeping him in jail would disrupt law and order unnecessarily. Over 1,500 people who had been detained for taking part in protests demanding Hazare's release were also freed. Hazare refused to leave the jail until the government agreed to give unconditional permission to hold protests at
Jai Prakash Narayan National Park.[96]
Hazare agreed to leave jail after Delhi Police granted him permission to fast for 15 days at Ramlila Maidan, a larger venue than Jai Prakash Narayan National Park. He, however, had to spend another night in jail because the venue was not ready.[97] Hazare left jail on 19 August for the 25,000-capacity Ramlila Maidan, which he said he would not leave until the bill was passed.[98]
17 August 2011 (2011-08-17)
Congress stated they suspected a foreign hand in the protests and asked the government to investigate whether the US was behind Hazare's agitation.[99] The US denied the accusation.[100]
19 August 2011 (2011-08-19)
Varun Gandhi, a BJP
MP, announced he would introduce Hazare's Jan Lokpal Bill in the Lok Sabha as a
private member's bill, saying it was better than anything the nation has seen before.[101]
21 August 2011 (2011-08-21)
Hazare's camp called their supporters to confront individual Members of Parliament and Union Ministers at their residences and warned the
UPA government its days would be numbered if it failed to pass the Bill by 30 August.[102]
Over 100,000 supporters visited Ramlila Maidan to show their opposition to corruption.[103]
Around 50,000 supporters marched in Mumbai to support Hazare. This was reportedly one of the biggest protests in Mumbai.[104][105]
Manmohan Singh appealed to Hazare to end his fast and stated he would ask
Lok Sabha SpeakerMeira Kumar if Hazare's Jan Lokpal Bill can be sent to the
Standing Committee. Singh also said the government was concerned about Hazare's health.[107]
24 August 2011 (2011-08-24)
An all-party meeting was chaired by Manmohan Singh represented by
finance minister Pranab Mukherjee. The meeting ended with Mukherjee appealing for Hazare to end his fast, prompting civil society to say they were "back to square one".[108][109]
25 August 2011 (2011-08-25)
Manmohan Singh said all proposed versions of the Lokpal bill, including those prepared by
Aruna Roy's NCPRI and Jaiprakash Narain, would be debated in Parliament.[110]
Union Minister
Vilasrao Deshmukh met Hazare at his protest camp at Ramlila Maidan. Deshmukh conveyed a message to Hazare from the Prime Minister, urging Hazare to end his fast and to consider the Prime Minister's offer to debate all versions of bill in Parliament.[111][112]
Hazare asked Singh to start the parliamentary discussion the next morning and forward his demands to the Prime Minister; a Citizen's Charter,
Lokayuktas in all states with Lokpal powers and inclusion of the entire bureaucracy.[113]
27 August 2011 (2011-08-27)
Initiating the Lok Sabha debate on the bill,
Pranab Mukherjee asked Hazare to end his fast,[114][115] BJP leader Sushma Swaraj expressed her party's support for Hazare and said the BJP largely agreed with the conditions laid down by Hazare to end his hunger strike.[116] The government agreed to a
voice vote on the debate.[117] Both houses of parliament passed the resolution accepting all three conditions set by Hazare.[118]
28 August 2011 (2011-08-28)
Hazare ended his 12-day, 288-hour fast and was taken to Medanta Medicity to recover. He had been under medical supervision throughout the fast.[119] Thousands of his supporters congregated at India Gate to celebrate.[120]
A debate on the Jan Lokpal bill was held in Parliament on 27 August 2011. Hazare demanded a citizen charter, lower bureaucracy to be included in the bill, and the establishment of
Lok Ayuktas in the states. Both houses of Parliament agreed to these demands.[121] Hazare announced he would break his fast on 28 August.[122]
December protests
On 11 December, Hazare sat on a day-long fast at the Jantar Mantar. This protest was against proposals of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the anti-graft measure. It was the first at which politicians shared the stage with Hazare, with leaders of the BJP, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Communist Party of India,
Janata Dal,
Akali Dal,
Telugu Desam Party and
Biju Janata Dal participating in the public debate on the Lokpal bill.[123] The expected introduction of the Lokpal bill in the Lok Sabha did not occur. The Food Security Bill was first introduced and the subsequent process of the Lokpal Bill was hindered by procedural and party political issues.[124][125] The proposed Lokpal Bill was rejected by the government, which put forward a revised proposal, along with a constitutional bill, in an attempt to resolve the problems that were raised during the session about
reservation for minorities and under-represented groups.[126]
Hazare announced on 22 December a hunger strike would take place between 27 and 29 December, followed by a Jail Bharo Andolan to pressurise the government.[127] He began his fast on 27 December at the
Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai rather than in Delhi because of the cold climate in the latter city.[128] Turnout was well below expectations, in part because of the cold weather.[129] IAC members asked him to end this latest fast because of his poor health, having suffered from cold and mild fever for few days previously, but he refused.[130] On the second day of the fast, Hazare repeated his threat to campaign against Congress in the five poll-bound states for not bringing a strong Lokpal. He ended his fast because of his deteriorating health and the low turn-out across the country. He said the movement had not stopped but was merely postponed.[131] He also announced the cancellation of the "Jail Bharo" movement due to his bad health.
Parliament debate
The Lok Sabha debated the Lokpal Bill on 27 December 2011.[132] The debate resulted in the bill being passed by the
Rajya Sabha (upper house) but the new, nine-member Lokpal panel was not given constitutional status because the government failed to get the necessary two-thirds majority of MPs present.[133][134] The Lokpal Bill was sent for review to the then
President of IndiaPratibha Patil on 28 December 2011; a standard procedure for any legislation that has financial implications. Patil gave her assent for the Bill to be tabled in the Rajya Sabha.[135]
The movement was reinvigorated following a mass gathering at the
Jantar Mantar in New Delhi on 25 March 2012.[138][139] Attempts to introduce some form of legislation, even though it was weaker than that demanded by the activists, had expired with the end of the
parliamentary session on 27 December 2011.[140][141] The government reintroduced the bill in the Rajya Sabha in February 2012 but it was not timetabled for debate and the session ended without the bill being passed.[citation needed]
Protests
Hazare said the protest movement would recommence and he went on a one-day hunger strike on 25 March 2012.[140] A month later, Hazare held a token one-day fast focussed on the remembrance of whistle-blowers such as
Narendra Kumar and
Satyendra Dubey, who had died as a result of their support for the anti-corruption cause.[142] On 3 June, Hazare undertook another one-day fast at the Jantar Mantar, where he was joined by Ramdev.[143]
Hazare and Bedi reformed Team Anna while Kejriwal and some others split from the apolitical movement to form what was to become the
Aam Aadmi Party.[144]
An indefinite fast began at the Jantar Mantar on 25 July and involved members of Team Anna,[145] although Hazare was not involved until four days later. The fast was a protest against the government's refusal of an inquiry against the prime minister and 14 cabinet ministers whom the protesters had accused of corruption.[citation needed] The fast ended on 3 August.[146] Three days later, Hazare announced he and his fellow activists had decided to end their fast because the government did not seem ready to enact the Jan Lokpal Bill, to discontinue talks with the government and to cease any protests under the Team Anna name.[147]
An Insignificant Man, a 2017 Hindi/English Indian socio-political documentary, was co-produced and directed by
Khushboo Ranka and
Vinay Shukla, and was also co-produced by
Anand Gandhi.[157][158] The documentary is about the rise of anti-corruption protests in India and the formation and rise to power of the AAP.[159]
^Dionne Bunsha (4 December 2004).
"Dons in a new role". Frontline. Vol. 21, no. 25. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2011.{{
cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
link)